Page 26 - Bio Engineering Approaches to Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

CHAPTER

Diagnostic imaging

in cancer 2

Chapter outline
2.1 X-ray-based systems including CT scan ................................................................ 23
2.1.1 Principle .........................................................................................24
2.1.2 Kinds of radiopaque contrast agent ....................................................25
2.1.3 Advantages and disadvantages ..........................................................26
2.2 Magnetic resonance systems ............................................................................... 26
2.2.1 Principle .........................................................................................26
2.2.2 Kinds of magnetic probes to enhance MRI contrast .............................28
2.2.3 Advantages and disadvantages ..........................................................29
2.3 Ultrasound .......................................................................................................... 29
2.3.1 Microbubbles-based contrast agent ....................................................31
2.3.2 Advantages and disadvantages ..........................................................31
2.4 Nonionizing electromagnetic imaging .................................................................. 32
2.4.1 Kinds of nonionizing electromagnetic imaging ....................................32
2.4.2 Advantages and disadvantages ..........................................................35
2.5 Radiopharmaceutical imaging .............................................................................. 35
2.5.1 Application of radiopharmaceutical imaging .......................................36
2.5.2 Advantages and disadvantages ..........................................................38
2.6 PET and PET/CT .................................................................................................. 38
2.6.1 Emission detection in PET ................................................................39
2.6.2 Advantages and disadvantages ..........................................................40
References .................................................................................................................40

2.1 X-ray-based systems including CT scan

In general, the radiography technic includes all types of X-ray scanners. While
X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) and microcomputed tomography (micro-
CT scan) are dedicated to clinical and preclinical studies, respectively. Micro-CT
scan is divided into three category including mini-CT scan (with in vivo scale of
50–200 µm), micro-CT scan (with in vivo scale of 1–50 µm), and nano-CT scan
(with in vivo scale of 0.1–1 µm), as shown in Fig. 2.1A. Generally, preclinical stud-
ies are applied micro-CT to examine small scale animals such as mice [1].

Bio-Engineering Approaches to Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817809-6.00002-9 23
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