Page 10 - Biofuels Refining and Performance

Contents ix

Chapter 8. Cracking of Lipids for Fuels and Chemicals 221
Ernst A. Stadlbauer and Sebastian Bojanowski
8.1 Introduction 221
8.2 Thermal Degradation Process 222
8.2.1 Catalytic cracking (CC) 224
8.3 Vegetable Oil Fuels/Hydrocarbon Blends 225
8.3.1 Refitting engines 227
8.3.2 Tailored conversion products 227
8.3.3 Feed component in FCC 237
8.4 Other Metal Oxide Catalysts 239
8.5 Cracking by In Situ Catalysts 241
8.6 Conclusion 246
References 246
Chapter 9. Fuel Cells 251
A. K. Sinha
9.1 Introduction 251
9.2 Fuel Cell Basics 252
9.3 Types of Fuel Cells 255
9.3.1 Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) 255
9.3.2 Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) 263
9.3.3 Alkaline-electrolyte fuel cells (AFCs) 264
9.3.4 Phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFCs) 267
9.3.5 Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) 271
9.3.6 Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 274
9.3.7 Biofuel cells 279
9.4 Fuel Cell System 284
9.4.1 Fuel processor 284
9.4.2 Air management 287
9.4.3 Water management 287
9.4.4 Thermal management 287
9.4.5 Power-conditioning system 288
9.5 Fuel Cell Applications 288
9.6 Conclusion 291
References 292

Appendix 295
Index 297