Page 8 - Biofuels Refining and Performance

Contents vii

3.12.7 Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) 96
3.12.8 Comparison between enzymatic and acid hydrolysis
for lignocellulosic materials 97
3.13 Ethanol Recovery 98
3.14 Distillation 98
3.15 Alternative Processes for Ethanol Recovery and Purification 100
3.16 Ethanol Dehydration 101
3.16.1 Molecular sieve adsorption 101
3.16.2 Membrane technology 101
3.17 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects 102
References 102

Chapter 4. Raw Materials to Produce Low-Cost Biodiesel 107
M. P. Dorado
4.1 Introduction 107
4.2 Nonedible Oils 109
4.2.1 Bahapilu oil 110
4.2.2 Castor oil 111
4.2.3 Cottonseed oil 113
4.2.4 Cuphea oil 114
4.2.5 Jatropha curcas oil 115
4.2.6 Karanja seed oil 116
4.2.7 Linseed oil 117
4.2.8 Mahua oil 119
4.2.9 Nagchampa oil 120
4.2.10 Neem oil 121
4.2.11 Rubber seed oil 122
4.2.12 Tonka bean oil 123
4.3 Low-Cost Edible Oils 124
4.3.1 Cardoon oil 124
4.3.2 Ethiopian mustard oil 125
4.3.3 Gold-of-pleasure oil 126
4.3.4 Tigernut oil 127
4.4 Used Frying Oils 129
4.5 Animal Fats 131
4.6 Future Lines 132
4.6.1 Allanblackia oil 133
4.6.2 Bitter almond oil 133
4.6.3 Chaulmoogra oil 134
4.6.4 Papaya oil 135
4.6.5 Sal oil 136
4.6.6 Tung oil 137
4.6.7 Ucuuba oil 138
Acknowledgments 139
References 140

Chapter 5. Fuel and Physical Properties of Biodiesel Components 149
Gerhard Knothe
5.1 Introduction 149
5.2 Cetane Number and Exhaust Emissions 152