Page 7 - Biofuels Refining and Performance

vi Contents

Chapter 2. Photosynthetic Plants as Renewable Energy Sources 45
Ahindra Nag and P. Manchikanti
2.1 Introduction 45
2.2 Mechanism and Efficiency of Photosynthesis in Plants 46
2.3 Photosynthetic Process 47
2.3.1 Hill reaction (light reaction) 48
2.3.2 Blackman’s reaction (dark reaction) 49
2.3.3 Efficiency of photosynthesis 49
2.4 Plant Types and Growing Cycles 52
2.5 Harvesting Plants for Bioenergy 60
2.6 Products 61
2.6.1 Gaseous products 62
2.6.2 Liquid products 62
2.6.3 Solid products 63
References 66

Chapter 3. Bioethanol: Market and Production Processes 69
Mohammad J.Taherzadeh and Keikhosro Karimi
3.1 Introduction 69
3.2 Global Market of Bioethanol and Future Prospects 69
3.3 Overall Process of Bioethanol Production 72
3.4 Production of Sugars from Raw Materials 73
3.4.1 Sugar solution from starchy materials 73
3.4.2 Acid hydrolysis of starch 74
3.4.3 Enzymatic hydrolysis of starch 75
3.5 Characterization of Lignocellulosic Materials 76
3.5.1 Cellulose 76
3.5.2 Hemicellulose 77
3.5.3 Lignin 77
3.6 Sugar Solution from Lignocellulosic Materials 77
3.6.1 Chemical hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials 78
3.6.2 Pretreatment prior to enzymatic hydrolysis
of lignocellulosic materials 80
3.6.3 Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials 81
3.7 Basic Concepts of Fermentation 82
3.8 Conversion of Simple Sugars to Ethanol 83
3.9 Biochemical Basis of Ethanol Production from Hexoses 83
3.10 Chemical Basis of Ethanol Production from Pentoses 85
3.11 Microorganisms Related to Ethanol Fermentation 86
3.11.1 Yeasts 86
3.11.2 Bacteria 87
3.11.3 Filamentous fungi 88
3.12 Fermentation Process 89
3.12.1 Batch processes 90
3.12.2 Fed-batch processes 91
3.12.3 Continuous processes 92
3.12.4 Series-arranged continuous flow fermentation 94
3.12.5 Strategies for fermentation of enzymatic
lignocellulosic hydrolyzates 95
3.12.6 Separate enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) 95