Page 9 - Biofuels Refining and Performance

viii Contents

5.3 Cold-Flow Properties 154
5.4 Oxidative Stability 156
5.4.1 Iodine value 157
5.5 Viscosity 158
5.6 Lubricity 159
5.7 Outlook 159
References 160
Chapter 6. Processing of Vegetable Oils as Biodiesel
and Engine Performance 165
Ahindra Nag
6.1 Introduction 165
6.2 Processing of Vegetable Oils to Biodiesel 169
6.2.1 Degumming of vegetable oils 169
6.2.2 Transesterification of vegetable oils by acid or alkali 177
6.2.3 Enzymatic transesterification of vegetable oils 181
6.2.4 Engine performance with esters of vegetable oil 183
6.3 Engine Performance with Esters of Tallow and Frying Oil 186
References 187
Chapter 7. Ethanol and Methanol as Fuels
in Internal Combustion Engines 191
B. B. Ghosh and Ahindra Nag
7.1 Introduction 191
7.2 Alcohols as Substitute Fuels for IC Engines 193
7.2.1 Ethanol as an alternative fuel 193
7.2.2 Production of ethanol 194
7.3 Distillation of Alcohol 198
7.4 Properties of Ethanol and Methanol 198
7.5 Use of Blends 200
7.6 Performance of Engine Using Ethanol 202
7.7 Alcohols in CI Engine 204
7.7.1 Alcohol–diesel fuel solution 206
7.7.2 Alcohol–diesel fuel emulsions 207
7.7.3 Spark ignition 207
7.7.4 Ignition improvers 207
7.8 Methanol as an Alternate Fuel 208
7.8.1 Production of methanol 209
7.8.2 Emission 211
7.8.3 Fuel system and cold starting 211
7.8.4 Corrosion 212
7.8.5 Toxicity of methanol 212
7.8.6 Formaldehyde emission 213
7.9 Comparison of Ethanol and Methanol 217
7.10 Ecosystem Impacts Using Alcohol Fuels 218
7.10.1 Aquatic system impacts 218
7.10.2 Terrestrial system impacts 218
7.10.3 Occupational health impacts 218
7.10.4 Occupational safety impacts 218
7.10.5 Socioeconomic impacts 219
7.10.6 Transportation and infrastructure impacts 219
References 219