Page 231 - Biofuels for a More Sustainable Future

206 Biofuels for a More Sustainable Future

estimation illustrates the higher economic contributions of higher blend bio-
diesel systems (Table 6.10). In addition to economic benefits, reducing the
unemployment rate can also diminish other related issues, such as crime and
physical and mental health problems.
Since this biodiesel system is a legitimate system for applying to Northern
Viet Nam, its establishment, management, and operation have to abide by
Viet Nam Labor Law and other related regulations. Thus there is to be non-
infringement with respect to child labor, unfair practices, and discrimination
in salary and gender, and labor rights must be upheld.

6 Conclusions and recommendations

The sustainability of the entire biodiesel life cycle system in Northern Viet
Nam was evaluated under a life cycle sustainability assessment index—Triple
I. Accordingly, the application of four biodiesel blends—B5, B10, B20, and
B100 in Ha Noi and Quang Ninh Province were investigated. Subse-
quently, those systems were also placed under various changes in, for
instance, crop yield, fuel price, distribution distance, coproduct prices,
and biodiesel production technology.
Results of Triple I could be used to propose feasible options and impli-
cations for biodiesel policies toward sustainable development as follows:

Implications for sustainable biodiesel policy in Northern Viet Nam
Integrating Triple I results in the context of Northern Viet Nam, the sus-
tainability of the biodiesel system will occur if the implementation complies
with the following principles:
– The cultivation area should not exceed the total area of open-pit mining
and mining dumpsites, in order to prevent the land occupation side
effect of oil crop cultivation. This issue is supported by the suggestion
from Fargione et al. (2008) that the cultivation of oil crops should be
placed on marginal land to reduce carbon footprint and avoid conflicts
with food crops and food security. Hence, the employment of Pongamia
in Quang Ninh Province and Hibiscus and Vernicia intercropping in high
mountainous areas near Viet Nam and China border, to produce oils as
feedstocks for biodiesel production in Northern Viet Nam is an ideal
option for both environment recovery, biodiesel feedstock acquisition,
local economic development, and poverty reduction.