Page 12 - Challenges in Corrosion Costs Causes Consequences and Control(2015)

x CONTENTS

2.2.5 The Economics of Corrosion in Australia, 108
2.2.6 Kuwait (1995), 114
2.2.7 Costs of Corrosion in Other Countries, 115
2.3 Tribology, 123
2.3.1 Economies of Wear and Corrosion in the Canadian
Industry, 123
2.3.2 Strategies Against Wear and Friction, 124
References, 126

3 CORROSION CAUSES 127
3.1 Introduction, 127
3.2 Corrosion in Conventional Concrete Bridges, 127
3.3 Corrosion of Prestressed Concrete Bridges, 127
3.4 Reinforcement Corrosion in Concrete, 128
3.5 Mechanism of Corrosion and Assessment Techniques
in Concrete, 128
3.5.1 Chloride Ingress and the Corrosion Threshold, 128
3.5.2 Carbonation of Concrete and Corrosion, 129
3.5.3 Conventional Reinforced Concrete, 130
3.6 Steel Bridges, 133
3.7 Cable and Suspension Bridges, 133
3.8 Corrosion of Underground Pipelines, 135
3.8.1 Types of Corrosion of Underground Pipelines, 136
3.8.2 Replacement/Rehabilitation, 140
3.8.3 Pipeline Integrity Management Programs, 141
3.8.4 In-line Inspections, 141
3.8.5 Aging Coating, 141
3.8.6 Stress Corrosion Cracking, 141
3.8.7 Corrosion-Related Failures, 142
3.9 Waterways and Ports, 143
3.9.1 Areas of Major Corrosion Impact, 143
3.9.2 Fresh Water, 144
3.10 Hazardous Materials Storage, 145
3.10.1 Aboveground Storage Tanks, 145
3.10.2 Underground Fuel Storage Tanks, 148
3.11 Corrosion Problems in Airports, 148
3.12 Railroads, 149
3.13 Gas Distribution, 150
3.13.1 Pipe Failures, 151
3.14 Drinking Water and Sewer Systems, 152
3.14.1 External Corrosion in Water Systems, 153
3.15 Electrical Utilities, 154
3.15.1 Fossil Fuel Steam Supply Systems, 154
3.15.2 Hydraulic Plants, 156