Page 261 - Chemical Process Equipment - Selection and Design

REFERENCES 229
ABSORPTION RIEFRIGERATION Another kind of absorption refrigerant system employs
aqueous lithium bromide as absorbent and circulating water as the
The most widely used is ammonia absorption in water. A flowsketch refrigerant. It is used widely for air conditioning systems, in units of
of the process is in Figure 8.27. Liquid ammonia at a high pressure 6oo-700 tons producing water at 450F.
is obtained overhead in a stripper, and then is expanded through a
valve and becomes the law temperature vapor-liquid mixture that
functions as the refrigerant. The low pressure vapor is absorbed in
weak liquor from the bottom of the stripper. Energy input to the
refrigeration system is primarily that of the steam to the stripper CRYOGENICS
reboiler and a miinor amount of power to the pump and the cooling
water circulation. This term is applied to the production and utilization of
This kind of system has a useful range down to the atmospheric temperatures in the range of liquid air, -200°F and lower. A great
boiling point of ammonia, -28°F or -33"C, or even lower. Two or deal of information is available on this subject of special interest,
three stage units are proposed for down to -94°F. Sizing of for instance in Chemical Engineers Handbook (1984, 12.47-12.58)
equipment is treated by Bogart (1981). and in the book of Arkhanov et al. (1981).

REF ES Fired Heaters (see also Ganapathy, HEDH, and Kern above)

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2. V. Cavaseno et al. (Eds.), Process Heat Exchange, McGraw-Hill, New 1954.
York, 1979. 25. W.E. Lobo and J.E. Evans, Heat transfer in the radiant section of
3. D. Chisholm (Ed.), Developments in Heat Exchange Technology i, petroleum heaters, Trans. AIChE 35, 743 (1939).
Applied Science, London, 1980. 26. C.C. Monrad, Heat transmission in the convection section of pipe stills,
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Prog. Symp. Ser. mS, 1-11 (1972); Chem. Eng., (12 June 1972). 27. D.W. Wilson, W.E. Lobo, and H.C. Hottel, Heat transmission in the
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1982. 28. R.N. Wimpress, Rating fired heaters, Hydrocarbon Process. 42(10),
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McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961. Chem. Eng., 95-102 (22 May 1978).
7. H. Hausen, Heat Transfer in Counterjlow, Parallel Flow and Cross Flow,
McGraw-Hill, !Vew York, 1983. Selected American Petroleum Institute Standards (API, Washington,
8. HEDH, Heat Exchanger Design Handbook (E.U. Schliinder et al., 0.C.)
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1981. 31. Std. 665, API Fired Heater Data Sheet, 1966, 1973.
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Plants, Gulf, Houston, 1983, Val. 3, pp. 1-200. Wiley, New York, 1957, Chap. 19.
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.
..
~,
16. R.K. keeld and J.T. B'Bara, Jet trays in heat transfer service, Chem. Refrigeration
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Eng. 25, 30-4;! (1947). 1976.
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Equipment, Hemisphere, New York, 1981. Gulf, Houston, 1981.
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42* E.E. Ludwig, Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petroleum
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* The book by Walker (Appendix D, 1982) has a guide to the literature 43. Y.R. Mehra, Refrigerating properties of ethylene, ethane, propylene and
of heat transfer in book form and describes the proprietary services HTFS propane, Chem. Eng., 97 (18 Dec. 1978); 131 (15 Jan. 1979); 95 (12 Feb.
(Heat Transfer and Fluid Services) and HTRI (Heat Transfer Research Inc.). 1979); 165 (26 Mar. 1979).