Page 11 - Chemical engineering design

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8.8.3
Mixtures
8.8.4 Gases CONTENTS 321
322
8.9 Specific heat capacity 322
8.9.1 Solids and liquids 322
8.9.2 Gases 325
8.10 Enthalpy of vaporisation (latent heat) 328
8.10.1 Mixtures 329
8.11 Vapour pressure 330
8.12 Diffusion coefficients (diffusivities) 331
8.12.1 Gases 331
8.12.2 Liquids 333
8.13 Surface tension 335
8.13.1 Mixtures 335
8.14 Critical constants 336
8.15 Enthalpy of reaction and enthalpy of formation 339
8.16 Phase equilibrium data 339
8.16.1 Experimental data 339
8.16.2 Phase equilibria 339
8.16.3 Equations of state 341
8.16.4 Correlations for liquid phase activity coefficients 342
8.16.5 Prediction of vapour-liquid equilibria 346
8.16.6 K-values for hydrocarbons 348
8.16.7 Sour-water systems (Sour) 348
8.16.8 Vapour-liquid equilibria at high pressures 348
8.16.9 Liquid-liquid equilibria 348
8.16.10 Choice of phase equilibria for design calculations 350
8.16.11 Gas solubilities 351
8.16.12 Use of equations of state to estimate specific enthalpy and density 353
8.17 References 353
8.18 Nomenclature 357
8.19 Problems 358
9 Safety and Loss Prevention 360
9.1 Introduction 360
9.2 Intrinsic and extrinsic safety 361
9.3 The hazards 361
9.3.1 Toxicity 361
9.3.2 Flammability 363
9.3.3 Explosions 365
9.3.4 Sources of ignition 366
9.3.5 Ionising radiation 368
9.3.6 Pressure 368
9.3.7 Temperature deviations 369
9.3.8 Noise 370
9.4 Dow fire and explosion index 371
9.4.1 Calculation of the Dow F & EI 371
9.4.2 Potential loss 375
9.4.3 Basic preventative and protective measures 377
9.4.4 Mond fire, explosion, and toxicity index 378
9.4.5 Summary 379
9.5 Hazard and operability studies 381
9.5.1 Basic principles 382
9.5.2 Explanation of guide words 383
9.5.3 Procedure 384
9.6 Hazard analysis 389
9.7 Acceptable risk and safety priorities 390
9.8 Safety check lists 392
9.9 Major hazards 394
9.9.1 Computer software for quantitative risk analysis 395