Page 12 - Chemical engineering design

xi
9.10
Problems
398
9.11 References CONTENTS 396
10 Equipment Selection, Specification and Design 400
10.1 Introduction 400
10.2 Separation processes 401
10.3 Solid-solid separations 401
10.3.1 Screening (sieving) 401
10.3.2 Liquid-solid cyclones 404
10.3.3 Hydroseparators and sizers (classifiers) 405
10.3.4 Hydraulic jigs 405
10.3.5 Tables 405
10.3.6 Classifying centrifuges 406
10.3.7 Dense-medium separators (sink and float processes) 406
10.3.8 Flotation separators (froth-flotation) 407
10.3.9 Magnetic separators 407
10.3.10 Electrostatic separators 408
10.4 Liquid-solid (solid-liquid) separators 408
10.4.1 Thickeners and clarifiers 408
10.4.2 Filtration 409
10.4.3 Centrifuges 415
10.4.4 Hydrocyclones (liquid-cyclones) 422
10.4.5 Pressing (expression) 426
10.4.6 Solids drying 426
10.5 Separation of dissolved solids 434
10.5.1 Evaporators 434
10.5.2 Crystallisation 437
10.6 Liquid-liquid separation 440
10.6.1 Decanters (settlers) 440
10.6.2 Plate separators 445
10.6.3 Coalescers 445
10.6.4 Centrifugal separators 446
10.7 Separation of dissolved liquids 446
10.7.1 Solvent extraction and leaching 447
10.8 Gas-solids separations (gas cleaning) 448
10.8.1 Gravity settlers (settling chambers) 448
10.8.2 Impingement separators 448
10.8.3 Centrifugal separators (cyclones) 450
10.8.4 Filters 458
10.8.5 Wet scrubbers (washing) 459
10.8.6 Electrostatic precipitators 459
10.9 Gas liquid separators 460
10.9.1 Settling velocity 461
10.9.2 Vertical separators 461
10.9.3 Horizontal separators 463
10.10 Crushing and grinding (comminution) equipment 465
10.11 Mixing equipment 468
10.11.1 Gas mixing 468
10.11.2 Liquid mixing 468
10.11.3 Solids and pastes 476
10.12 Transport and storage of materials 476
10.12.1 Gases 477
10.12.2 Liquids 479
10.12.3 Solids 481
10.13 Reactors 482
10.13.1 Principal types of reactor 483
10.13.2 Design procedure 486
10.14 References 486
10.15 Nomenclature 490
10.16 Problems 491