Page 164 - Communication Commerce and Power The Political Economy of America and the Direct Broadcast Satellite

154 Communication, Commerce and Power

12 Ibid., p. 203. Also see Colleen Roach, 'The US Position on the New
World Information and Communication Order,' Journal of Communica-
tion, 37(4) (Autumn 1987) 44; and 'Blocking Scientific-Technical Data
Exports,' Chronicle of International Communication, VI (5) (June 1985)
1-2.
13 'Crimping the Commitment,' Chronicle of International Communication,
VI (5) (June 1985) 6-7. Also see 'The Gang that Wouldn't Shoot
Straight,' in Chronicle of International Communication, V (10) (Decem-
ber 1984) 1-3. For speeches, articles and statements by Gregory Newell
during this period, see Bibliography.
14 Israel was not expelled thanks largely to an orchestrated effort by
British delegates which resulted in the Plenipotentiary merely condemn-
ing the invasion.
15 Gardner quoted in Hearings on 'The International Telecommunications
Act of 1983,' pp. 59-60.
16 Tunstall, Communications Deregulation, p. 214.
17 Nichols' testimony in Hearings on 'The International Telecommunica-
tions Act of 1983,' p. 173.
18 Gardner's testimony in ibid., p. 60.
19 Ibid., p. 65.
20 Interview with Jean Pruitt.
21 R. Brian Woodrow, 'Tilting Towards a Trade Regime, the ITU and the
Uruguay Round Services Negotiations,' Telecommunications Policy,
15(4) (August 1991) 329 and 334.
22 Jean-Luc Renaud, 'The Role of the International Telecommunications
Union,' in Kenneth Dyson and Peter Humphreys (eds), The Political
Economy of Communications (London: Routledge, 1990) p. 47. This
option would involve the construction of an international telecommu-
nication regime based on the ongoing development of mostly ad hoc
corporate-negotiated agreements and an accompanying comprehensive
trade agreement in services and intellectual property rights through the
GATT. Opponents of such a development among mostly LDCs gener-
ally recognized that the rapid growth of telecommunications and their
consequent effects would restrict opportunities for relatively small
dom~stic corporations which, given the absence of the time and support
needed to develop the economic clout required to compete internation-
ally, would be placed in an extremely tenuous position. For a summary
of this perspective among Indian telecommunication interests, see Ste-
phen D. McDowell, 'International Services Liberalization and Indian
Telecommunications Policy,' in Edward A. Comor (ed.), The Global
Political Economy of Communication (London and New York: Macmil-
lan and St Martia's) pp. 103-24.
23 It should be noted that while ITU conferences usually come to agree-
ments on a consensus basis, US resistance to the WATTC-88 compro-
mise compelled a majority vote system to be adopted. The US was the
only delegation that voted against the final Conference agreement. See
R. Brian Woodrow, 'Tilting Towards a Trade Regime,' Telecommunica-
tions Policy, p. 331.