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undertaken in GAIT.' Reprinted in Marshall A. Leafier, 'Protecting
US Intellectual Property Abroad: Toward a New Multilateralism,'
Iowa Law Review, 76(2) (January 1991) 277, fn.24.

48 It should be noted, however, that some LDC entrepreneurs are them-
selves victimized by pirating activities and many Third World officials
take seriously threats concerning the withdrawal of capital investment.
Some LDC-based consumer groups also have expressed concerns
regarding the safety of some unauthorized products. Moreover, many
LDC state officials were intimidated by America's Super/Special-301
provisions. See ibid., pp. 281-3; and Thomas Cottier, 'The Prospects
for Intellectual Property in GAIT,' Common Market Law Review, 28(2)
(Summer 1991) 389.
49 R. Michael Gadbaw and Rosemary E. Gwynn, 'Intellectual Property
Rights in the New GAIT Round,' in R. Michael Gadbaw and Timothy
J. Richards (eds), Intellectual Property Rights, Global Consensus, Global
Conflict? (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1988) p. 66.
50 Personal interview with Fritz Attaway, Vice President, Motion Picture
Association of America, 1 September 1992, Washington DC.
51 Woodrow, 'Tilting Towards a Trade Regime,' p. 338.
52 As Drake and Nicolaidis put it, 'telecommunications administrations
[for example] should not use their control of underlying national net-
works to manipulate the conditions of interconnection for specialized
service providers, nor should they use profits from reserved operations
to cross-subsidize competitive ones.' - 'Ideas, Interests, and Institutio-
nalization,' p. 74.
53 Klaus-Jurgen Kraatz, 'GAIT and Telecommunications,' International
Business Lawyer, 18(ll) (December 1990) 517.
54 Robert Tritt, 'GATS, Son of GAIT: A New Rule Book for Cross-
Border Competition,' InterMedia, 20(6) (November-December 1992)
15-16.
55 Developing countries, moreover, received special conditions in particu-
lar circumstances.
56 K.F. Falkenberg, 'The Audio Visual Sector in the Uruguay Round'
(unpublished: 18/19 November 1994) p. 243.
57 Ibid., pp. 244--5. The MPAA estimates that this ten-year exemption will
deny US film and television producers up to US$6.4 billion in foreign
revenues. Figure in letter from Bonnie Richardson, Director of Federal
Affairs, Motion Picture Export Association of America, to Donna R.
Koehneke, Secretary of the International Trade Commission, 2 May
1994, p. 2 (unpublished).
58 The GATS, among other things, generally requires its signatories to
pursue further bilateral negotiations to eliminate the restrictive business
practices of public or private sector entities wherever they restrain
services competition (Articles IX and XV). More specifically, it requires
that national treatment be afforded to all GATS participants (Article
XVII). The Uruguay Round TRIPS agreement also constitutes a pre-
cedent in that it provides not only comprehensive rules for the enforce-
ment of ownership rights (in TRIPS Part III), but it also validates the