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Contents xvii

9.1.5 Application: Video summarization and compression ......... 383
9.1.6 Cylindrical and spherical coordinates ................. 385
9.2 Global alignment ................................ 387
9.2.1 Bundle adjustment ........................... 388
9.2.2 Parallax removal ............................ 391
9.2.3 Recognizing panoramas ........................ 392
9.2.4 Direct vs. feature-based alignment ................... 393
9.3 Compositing ................................... 396
9.3.1 Choosing a compositing surface .................... 396
9.3.2 Pixel selection and weighting (de-ghosting) .............. 398
9.3.3 Application: Photomontage ...................... 403
9.3.4 Blending ................................ 403
9.4 Additional reading ............................... 406
9.5 Exercises .................................... 407

10 Computational photography 409
10.1 Photometric calibration ............................. 412
10.1.1 Radiometric response function ..................... 412
10.1.2 Noise level estimation ......................... 415
10.1.3 Vignetting ................................ 416
10.1.4 Optical blur (spatial response) estimation ............... 416
10.2 High dynamic range imaging .......................... 419
10.2.1 Tone mapping .............................. 427
10.2.2 Application: Flash photography .................... 434
10.3 Super-resolution and blur removal ....................... 436
10.3.1 Color image demosaicing ....................... 440
10.3.2 Application: Colorization ....................... 442
10.4 Image matting and compositing ......................... 443
10.4.1 Blue screen matting ........................... 445
10.4.2 Natural image matting ......................... 446
10.4.3 Optimization-based matting ...................... 450
10.4.4 Smoke, shadow, and flash matting ................... 452
10.4.5 Video matting .............................. 454
10.5 Texture analysis and synthesis ......................... 455
10.5.1 Application: Hole filling and inpainting ................ 457
10.5.2 Application: Non-photorealistic rendering ............... 458
10.6 Additional reading ............................... 460
10.7 Exercises .................................... 461

11 Stereo correspondence 467
11.1 Epipolar geometry ............................... 471
11.1.1 Rectification .............................. 472
11.1.2 Plane sweep ............................... 474
11.2 Sparse correspondence ............................. 475
11.2.1 3D curves and profiles ......................... 476
11.3 Dense correspondence ............................. 477