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Contents xix

13.3 Light fields and Lumigraphs .......................... 551
13.3.1 Unstructured Lumigraph ........................ 554
13.3.2 Surface light fields ........................... 555
13.3.3 Application: Concentric mosaics .................... 556
13.4 Environment mattes ............................... 556
13.4.1 Higher-dimensional light fields ..................... 558
13.4.2 The modeling to rendering continuum ................. 559
13.5 Video-based rendering ............................. 560
13.5.1 Video-based animation ......................... 560
13.5.2 Video textures ............................. 561
13.5.3 Application: Animating pictures .................... 564
13.5.4 3D Video ................................ 564
13.5.5 Application: Video-based walkthroughs ................ 566
13.6 Additional reading ............................... 569
13.7 Exercises .................................... 570

14 Recognition 575
14.1 Object detection ................................. 578
14.1.1 Face detection ............................. 578
14.1.2 Pedestrian detection .......................... 585
14.2 Face recognition ................................. 588
14.2.1 Eigenfaces ............................... 589
14.2.2 Active appearance and 3D shape models ................ 596
14.2.3 Application: Personal photo collections ................ 601
14.3 Instance recognition ............................... 602
14.3.1 Geometric alignment .......................... 603
14.3.2 Large databases ............................. 604
14.3.3 Application: Location recognition ................... 609
14.4 Category recognition .............................. 611
14.4.1 Bag of words .............................. 612
14.4.2 Part-based models ........................... 615
14.4.3 Recognition with segmentation ..................... 620
14.4.4 Application: Intelligent photo editing ................. 621
14.5 Context and scene understanding ........................ 625
14.5.1 Learning and large image collections ................. 627
14.5.2 Application: Image search ....................... 630
14.6 Recognition databases and test sets ....................... 631
14.7 Additional reading ............................... 631
14.8 Exercises .................................... 637

15 Conclusion 641

A Linear algebra and numerical techniques 645
A.1 Matrix decompositions ............................. 646
A.1.1 Singular value decomposition ..................... 646
A.1.2 Eigenvalue decomposition ....................... 647