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xviii Contents

11.3.1 Similarity measures ........................... 479
11.4 Local methods .................................. 480
11.4.1 Sub-pixel estimation and uncertainty .................. 482
11.4.2 Application: Stereo-based head tracking ................ 483
11.5 Global optimization ............................... 484
11.5.1 Dynamic programming ......................... 485
11.5.2 Segmentation-based techniques .................... 487
11.5.3 Application: Z-keying and background replacement .......... 489
11.6 Multi-view stereo ................................ 489
11.6.1 Volumetric and 3D surface reconstruction ............... 492
11.6.2 Shape from silhouettes ......................... 497
11.7 Additional reading ............................... 499
11.8 Exercises .................................... 500

12 3D reconstruction 505
12.1 Shape from X .................................. 508
12.1.1 Shape from shading and photometric stereo .............. 508
12.1.2 Shape from texture ........................... 510
12.1.3 Shape from focus ............................ 511
12.2 Active rangefinding ............................... 512
12.2.1 Range data merging .......................... 515
12.2.2 Application: Digital heritage ...................... 517
12.3 Surface representations ............................. 518
12.3.1 Surface interpolation .......................... 518
12.3.2 Surface simplification ......................... 520
12.3.3 Geometry images ............................ 520
12.4 Point-based representations ........................... 521
12.5 Volumetric representations ........................... 522
12.5.1 Implicit surfaces and level sets ..................... 522
12.6 Model-based reconstruction ........................... 523
12.6.1 Architecture ............................... 524
12.6.2 Heads and faces ............................. 526
12.6.3 Application: Facial animation ..................... 528
12.6.4 Whole body modeling and tracking .................. 530
12.7 Recovering texture maps and albedos ..................... 534
12.7.1 Estimating BRDFs ........................... 536
12.7.2 Application: 3D photography ..................... 537
12.8 Additional reading ............................... 538
12.9 Exercises .................................... 539
13 Image-based rendering 543
13.1 View interpolation ................................ 545
13.1.1 View-dependent texture maps ..................... 547
13.1.2 Application: Photo Tourism ...................... 548
13.2 Layered depth images .............................. 549
13.2.1 Impostors, sprites, and layers ...................... 549