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30 Mapping the Field

5 The Reputation Institute is a private research organization founded by Charles Fombrun
(Stern School of Business, New York University) and Cees van Riel (Erasmus University,
Rotterdam), bringing together a global network of academic institutions, market research
agencies, communications consultancies and corporations, with the purpose of advancing
knowledge about corporate reputation measurement (see http://www.reputationinstitute.com/).
6 Brinberg, D., and Hirschman, E.C. (1986),‘Multiple orientations for the conduct of mar-
keting research: an analysis of the academic/practitioner distinction’, Journal of Marketing, 50,
161–173, p. 168.
7 Lewin, K. (1945),‘The research center for group dynamics at Massachusetts Institute of
Technology’, Sociometry, 8, 126–136, p. 129.
8 Armstrong, J.S., and Schultz, R. (1994), ‘Principles involving marketing policies: an
empirical assessment’, Marketing Letters, 4, 253–265, and Cornelissen, J.P., and Lock, A.R.
(2002) ‘Advertising research and its influence upon managerial practice’, Journal of Advertising
Research, 42 (3), 50–55.
9 Schön, D. (1983), The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. New York:
Basic Books.
10 Ibid.
11 Broom, G.M., and Dozier, D.M. (1990), Using Research in Public Relations: Applications to
Program Management. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
12 Grunig, J.E. (ed.) (1992), Excellence in Public Relations and Communications Management.
Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
13 See for instance Lauzen, M.M. (1995),‘Public relations manager involvement in strate-
gic issue diagnosis’, Public Relations Review, 21, 287–304; and Moss, D., Warnaby, G., and
Newman,A.J. (2000),‘Public relations practitioner role enactment at the senior management
level within UK companies’, Journal of Public Relations Research, 12 (4), 277–307.
14 This management brief is based on insights from Astley, W.G., and Zammuto, R.F.
(1992) ‘Organization science, managers, and language games’, Organization Science, 3, 443–460;
Cornelissen, J.P. (2000), ‘Toward an understanding of the use of public relations theories in
public relations practice’, Public Relations Review, 26 (3), 315–326; and Cornelissen, J.P., and
Lock, A.R. (2002),‘Advertising research and its influence upon managerial practice’, Journal
of Advertising Research, 42 (3), 50–55.
15 Redding, C.W. (1985), ‘Stumbling towards identity: the emergence of organizational
communications as a field of study’, in McPhee, R.D., and Tompkins, P.K. (eds), Organizational
Communications: Traditional Themes and New Directions. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, pp. 15–54;
Grunig (1992).
16 Grunig (1992).
17 Toth, E.L. (1992),‘The case for pluralistic studies of public relations: rhetorical, critical
and systems perspectives’, in Toth, E.L., and Heath, R.L. (eds), Rhetorical and Critical Approaches
to Public Relations. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 3–15.
18 Cheney,G.,and G.N.Dionisopolous (1989),‘Public relations? No,relations with publics:
A rhetorical-organizational approach to contemporary corporate communications’, in Botan,
C.H., and Hazleton, V. (eds), Public Relations Theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates, pp. 135–157. p. 137.
19 Grunig, J.E., and Hunt, T. (1984), Managing Public Relations. New York: Holt, Rinehart &
Winston, p. 9.
20 Dozier D.M., and Lauzen M.M. (2000), ‘Liberating the intellectual domain from the
practice: public relations, activism, and the role of the scholar’, Journal of Public Relations
Research, 12, 3–22.
21 Toth (1992), p. 12.
22 Black, S. (1954),‘The need for mutual understanding’, Public Relations, 6 (4), 35.
23 Bernays, E. (1952), Public Relations. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press,VII, p. 126.