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5 Psychoanalysis

In this chapter I will explore psychoanalysis as a method of reading texts and practices.
This means that although I will to a certain extent explain how psychoanalysis under-
stands human behaviour, this will be done only as it can be extended to cultural ana-
lysis in cultural studies. Therefore, I will be very selective in terms of which aspects of
psychoanalysis I choose for discussion.

Freudian psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud (1973a) argues that the creation of civilization has resulted in the re-
pression of basic human instincts. Moreover, ‘each individual who makes a fresh entry
into human society repeats this sacrifice of instinctual satisfaction for the benefit of the
whole community’ (47). The most important instinctual drives are sexual. Civilization
demands that these are redirected in unconscious processes of sublimation:

that is to say, they are diverted from their sexual aims and directed to others that
are socially higher and no longer sexual. But this arrangement is unstable; the sex-
ual are imperfectly tamed, and, in the case of every individual who is supposed to
join in the work of civilization, there is a risk that his sexual instincts may refuse
to be put to that use. Society believes that no greater threat to its civilization could
arise than if the sexual instincts were to be liberated and returned to their original
aims (47–8). 16

Fundamental to this argument is Freud’s discovery of the unconscious. He first
divides the psyche into two parts, the conscious and the unconscious. The conscious is
the part that relates to the external world, while the unconscious is the site of instinc-
tual drives and repressed wishes. He then adds to this binary model the preconscious.
What we cannot remember at any given moment, but know we can recall with some
mental effort, is recovered from the preconscious. What is in the unconscious, as a con-
sequence of censorship and resistance, is only ever expressed in distorted form; we can-
not, as an act of will recall material from the unconscious into the conscious. Freud’s