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114 Chapter 6 Structuralism and post-structuralism

Manchester United and Bayern Munich. What would they witness? Two groups of men
in different coloured costumes, one red, the other in silver and maroon, moving at dif-
ferent speeds, in different directions, across a green surface, marked with white lines.
They would notice that a white spherical projectile appeared to have some influence on
the various patterns of cooperation and competition. They would also notice a man
dressed in dark green, with a whistle which he blew to stop and start the combinations
of play. They would also note that he appeared to be supported by two other men
also dressed in dark green, one on either side of the main activity, each using a flag to
support the limited authority of the man with the whistle. Finally, they would note the
presence of two men, one at each end of the playing area, standing in front of partly
netted structures. They would see that periodically these men engaged in acrobatic
routines that involved contact with the white projectile. The visiting aliens could
observe the occasion and describe what they saw to each other, but unless someone
explained to them the rules of association football, its structure, the Champions League
Final, in which Manchester United became the first team in history to win the ‘treble’
of Champions League, Premier League and FA Cup, would make very little sense to
them at all. It is the underlying rules of cultural texts and practices that interest struc-
turalists. It is structure that makes meaning possible. The task of structuralism, there-
fore, is to make explicit the rules and conventions (the structure) which govern the
production of meaning (acts of parole).

Claude Lévi-Strauss, Will Wright and the American
Western

Claude Lévi-Strauss (1968) uses Saussure to help him discover the ‘unconscious foun-
dations’ (18) of the culture of so-called ‘primitive’ societies. He analyses cooking, man-
ners, modes of dress, aesthetic activity and other forms of cultural and social practices
as analogous to systems of language; each in its different way is a mode of commun-
ication, a form of expression. As Terence Hawkes (1977) points out, ‘His quarry, in
short, is the langue of the whole culture; its system and its general laws: he stalks it
through the particular varieties of its parole’ (39). In pursuit of his quarry, Lévi-Strauss
investigates a number of ‘systems’. It is, however, his analysis of myth that is of central
interest to the student of popular culture. He claims that beneath the vast heterogene-
ity of myths, there can be discovered a homogeneous structure. In short, he argues that
individual myths are examples of parole,articulations of an underlying structure or
langue.By understanding this structure we should be able to truly understand the
meaning – ‘operational value’ (Lévi-Strauss, 1968: 209) – of particular myths.
Myths, Lévi-Strauss argues, work like language: they comprise individual
‘mythemes’, analogous to individual units of language, ‘morphemes’ and ‘phonemes’.
Like morphemes and phonemes, mythemes only take on meaning when combined in