Page 5 - Cultures and Organizations

iv Contents

What About National Management Cultures? 24
Cultural Relativism 25
Culture as a Phoenix 26
2 Studying Cultural Differences 27
Measuring Values 28
Dimensions of National Cultures 29
Using Correlations 32
Replications of the IBM Research 34
Extending the IBM Model: The Chinese Value Survey 37
Validation of the Country Culture Scores Against
Other Measures 38
Culture Scores and Personality Scores:
No Reason for Stereotyping 39

Other Classifications of National Cultures 40
A Second Expansion of the Hofstede Dimensional Model:
Minkov’s Exploration of the World Values Survey 44
Cultural Differences According to Region, Ethnicity,
Religion, Gender, Generation, and Class 45
Organizational Cultures 47
Reading Mental Programs: Suggestions for Researchers 47

PART I
I
Dimensions of National Cultures

3 More Equal than Others 53
Inequality in Society 54
Measuring the Degree of Inequality in Society:

The Power Distance Index 55
Power Distance Defi ned 60
Power Distance in Replication Studies 62
Power Distance Differences Within Countries:
Social Class, Education Level, and Occupation 64
Measures Associated with Power Distance:
The Structure in This and Following Chapters 66
Power Distance Difference Among Countries:
Roots in the Family 67
Power Distance at School 69