Page 9 - Cultures and Organizations

viii Contents

10 The Elephant and the Stork: Organizational Cultures 341
The Organizational Culture Craze 343
Differences Between Organizational and National Cultures:
The IRIC Project 346
Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches in the
IRIC Project 349
Results of the In-Depth Interviews: The SAS Case 351
Results of the Survey: Six Dimensions of Organizational Cultures 353
The Scope for Competitive Advantages in Cultural Matters 358
Organizational Culture and Other Organizational Characteristics 360
Organizational Subcultures 364
Individual Perceptions of Organizational Cultures 366
Gardens, Bouquets, and Flowers of Social Science 368
Occupational Cultures 368
Conclusions from the IRIC Research Project:
Dimensions Versus Gestalts 370
Managing (with) Organizational Culture 371

I
PART V
Implications

11 Intercultural Encounters 381
Intended Versus Unintended Intercultural Confl ict 382
Culture Shock and Acculturation 384
Ethnocentrism and Xenophilia 387
Group Encounters: Auto- and Heterostereotypes 387
Language and Humor 388
The Influence of Communication Technologies 391

Intercultural Encounters in Tourism 392
Intercultural Encounters in Schools 393
Minorities, Migrants, and Refugees 395
Intercultural Negotiations 399
Multinational Business Organizations 402
Coordinating Multinationals: Structure Should Follow Culture 406
Expanding Multinationals: International Mergers and
Other Ventures 407
International Marketing, Advertising, and Consumer Behavior 409