Page 6 - Cultures and Organizations

Contents v

Power Distance and Health Care 71
Power Distance in the Workplace 73
Power Distance and the State 75
Power Distance and Ideas 79
Origins of Power Distance Differences 82
The Future of Power Distance Differences 86
4 I, We, and They 89
The Individual and the Collective in Society 90
Measuring the Degree of Individualism in Society 92
Individualism and Collectivism in the World Values Survey:
Universalism Versus Exclusionism 94
Individualism and Collectivism in Other Cross-National Studies 99
Are Individualism and Collectivism One or Two Dimensions? 102
Collectivism Versus Power Distance 102
Individualism and Collectivism According to Occupation 105
Individualism and Collectivism in the Family 106
Language, Personality, and Behavior in Individualist and
Collectivist Cultures 112
Individualism and Collectivism at School 117
Individualism and Collectivism in the Workplace 119
Individualism, Collectivism, and the Internet 123
Individualism, Collectivism, and the State 125
Individualism, Collectivism, and Ideas 127
Origins of Individualism-Collectivism Differences 131
The Future of Individualism and Collectivism 133
5 He, She, and (S)he 135
Assertiveness Versus Modesty 136

Genders and Gender Roles 137
Masculinity-Femininity as a Dimension of Societal Culture 138
Masculinity and Femininity in Other Cross-National Studies 144
Masculinity Versus Individualism 146
Are Masculinity and Femininity One or Two Dimensions? 146
Country Masculinity Scores by Gender and
Gender Scores by Age 148
Masculinity and Femininity According to Occupation 150
Masculinity and Femininity in the Family 151
Masculinity and Femininity in Gender Roles and Sex 154