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236 Decision Making Applications in Modern Power Systems
1.2
1
Load power (p.u.) 0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (h)
FIGURE 9.6 Typical daily load profile.
9.5.4 Distributed generation unit models
This section presents the models of the examined DG types in this chapter.
Two DG types were examined, namely, PV units and wind turbine (WT)
generators [24].
1. PV units
The output power of a PV module depends on the site ambient tem-
perature and the solar irradiance in addition to the installation configura-
tion and the PV module characteristics.
Thus the PV output power at actual site conditions ðP PV Þ can be cal-
Site
culated using the following equation [24]:
ðP PV Þ 5 P STC 3 I Sur 3 1 1 α ðT cell 2 25Þ ð9:7Þ
½
Site
1000
where P STC is the PV module output power at standard test condition in
2
watts. I Sur is the solar irradiance on the surface of the PV module (W/m ).
21
α is the module temperature coefficient ( C )and T cell is the PV module
temperature ( C).
The PV module temperature can be obtained based on the multiple
factors, namely, the solar irradiance, ambient temperature, and the mod-
ule’s nominal operating cell temperature (T NOCT ), thus [24]
I sur
T cell 5 T amb 1 3 ðT NOCT 2 20Þ ð9:8Þ
800
where T amb is the site ambient temperature ( C).
The site ambient temperature and solar irradiance data used to calcu-
late the PV output power are detailed in Ref. [24]. The utilized solar
module data extracted from Ref. [25] are presented in Table 9.3 as
follows:
