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Heuristic methods for the evaluation of environmental impacts Chapter | 12 307

In this chapter the EED problem will be used as NSGA-II with two
objective functions—one is the cost of fuel and the other, emission index.

12.2.4 The emission ratio as a parameter to assess the
environmental contamination
The production of energy by fossil fuels, industrial processes, and means of
transport has a great influence on the environment, due to the deforestation
and emissions (CO 2 ,NO x ,SO x ,C x H y , particulates, etc.); it is considered the
main anthropogenic sources of pollution.
The Kyoto Protocol resulted from the meeting of 160 nations in 1997
in Japan to reduce emissions of gases that cause the greenhouse effect
(CO 2 ,CH 4 , etc.) and encourage the development of new technologies and
the implementation of clean sources power. Since then, the right to trade
emissions (primarily CO 2 resulting from the burning of fossil fuels, whose
use in developed countries is intensive) is gaining strength as a political
strategy.
The air pollutants originate mainly from incomplete combustion of
fossil fuels. Those are classified into two types: primary and secondary.
Primary pollutants are those emitted directly from sources to the
atmosphere, highlighting particulate matter (smoke, dust, and mist), carbon
monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrogen oxides (NO and NO 2 ),
sulfur compounds (H 2 Sand SO 2 ), hydrocarbons, and chlorofluorocarbons
[11 13].
With the introduction of emissions and ecological taxation market for the
electricity sector, the development of decision-making methods for emissions
trading or emission restrictions is becoming increasingly important, and
many studies may decide to program generators for operation [14 18].
Although there are many studies on CO 2 restrictions, they focus
primarily on the problem of deciding the output level of each generator
during the ED.
However, to obtain an optimal solution, it is important to consider not
only the dispatch level of each generating unit, but also the schedule (on/
off), since the power minimum output, restrictions, and start-up influence the
final solution of the cost/emission. So it is essential to consider the restriction
problem of each unit in decision-making methods. In addition, most generat-
ing unit studies, including CO 2 restrictions, are focusing on programming the
solution that maximizes earnings per unit [24,25] but not in optimal solutions
Pareto in reducing CO 2 [14,26,27].
According [28],CO 2 emission allowances are usually given for a period
of 1 year, while the time frame for programming is scheduled of 24 hours
for several days, and restrictions have an effect only when the value of CO 2
emissions became high. According [29] they believe that maximum profit is