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Notes 153

(eds), Communication and Citizenship: Journalism and the Public Sphere
(London: Sage, 1991).
19. N. Negroponte, Being Digital (London: Coronet, 1996); H. Schiller, ‘The
global information highway: project for an ungovernable world’, in
J. Brook and I. Boal (eds), Resisting the Virtual Life: The Culture and Politics
of Information (San Francisco: City Light Books, 1995).
20. Thompson, Ideology and Modern Culture, p. 115; Thompson, ‘Social
theory and the media’, pp. 39–40.

21. J. Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry
into a Category of Bourgeois Society, trans. T. Burger (Cambridge: Polity
Press, 1989 [1962]), p. 195.
22. Thompson, Ideology and Modern Culture, pp. 231–2.
23. Ibid., pp. 245–6. A neat counterexample would be the development of
sophisticated databases which enable corporations and now political
parties to deploy ‘direct mailing’ techniques. Dividing households into
marketing categories enables parties to produce tailor-made literature
and reduce the risks involved in the diffuse circulation of media
symbols.
24. Thompson, ‘Social theory and the media’, p. 40.
25. Ibid., p. 41.
26. D. Kellner, Media Culture: Cultural Studies, Identity and Politics Between the
Modern and the Postmodern (London: Routledge, 1995), pp. 198–228.
27. E. Said, Culture and Imperialism (London: Vintage, 1994).
28. Thompson, ‘Social theory and the media’, p. 41.
29. P. Schlesinger, ‘Europe’s contradictory communicative space’, Dædalus,
vol. 123, no. 2 (1994), pp. 34–5.
30. N. Garnham, ‘The media and the public sphere’, in C. Calhoun (ed.),
Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1992),
p. 371.
31. D. Held, ‘Democracy and the new international order’, in D. Archibugi
and D. Held (eds), Cosmopolitan Democracy: An Agenda for a New World
Order (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995), p. 112.
32. Thompson, ‘Social theory and the media’, p. 31.
33. J. Habermas, ‘What does socialism mean today? The rectifying revolution
and the need for new thinking on the Left’, New Left Review, no. 183
(1990), pp. 19–20 (emphases added).
34. C. Calhoun, ‘Populist politics, communications media and large scale
societal integration’, Sociological Theory, vol. 6 (Fall, 1988), p. 244.
35. For a useful survey of this literature, see N. Stevenson, Understanding
Media Cultures: Social Theory and Mass Communication (London: Sage
1995), pp. 75–113.
36. J. Habermas, The Future of Human Nature (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003),
p. 121.
37. Consider, for example, the thoroughly Habermasian virtues of internal
scepticism and ‘reflexive publicity’ (Chapter 1) expressed in the
following from a Wired editorial: ‘Are we living in the middle of a great
revolution, or are we just members of another arrogant élite talking to
ourselves? Are we a powerful new kind of community or just a mass of
people hooked up to machines? Do we share goals and ideals, or are we

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