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Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ)  311


             Principle 26: Copying
             ■ Instead of an unavailable, expensive, or fragile object, use simpler
               and inexpensive copies of it.
             ■ Replace an object or process with its optical copies.
             ■ If visible optical copies are already used, move to infrared or ultra-
               violet copies.

             Principle 27: Cheap short-living.  Replace an expensive object with
             a multitude of inexpensive objects, compromising certain qualities
             (e.g., service life).
             Principle 28: Mechanical substitution
             ■ Replace a mechanical means with a sensory (optical, acoustic,
               taste or smell) means.
             ■ Use electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields to interact with
               the object.
             ■ Change from static to movable fields, from unstructured fields to
               those having structure.
             ■ Use fields in conjunction with field-activated (e.g., ferromagnetic)
               particles.
             Principle 29: Pneumatics and hydraulics. Use gas and liquid parts
             of an object instead of solid parts (e.g., inflatable, liquid-filled, air-
             cushioned, hydrostatic, hydroreactive parts).
             Principle 30: Flexible shells and thin films
             ■ Use flexible shells and thin films instead of three-dimensional
               structures.
             ■ Isolate the object from the external environment using flexible
               shells and thin films.

             Principle 31: Porous materials
             ■ Make an object porous or add porous elements (inserts, coat-
               ings, etc.).
             ■ If an object is already porous, use the pores to introduce a useful
               substance or function.
             Principle 32: Color changes
             ■ Change the color of an object or its external environment.
             ■ Change the transparency of an object or its external environment.
             Principle 33: Homogeneity.  Make objects interacting with a given
             object of the same material (or a material with identical properties).
             Principle 34: Discarding and recovering
             ■ Dispose of portions of an object that have fulfilled their function
               (discard by dissolving, evaporating, etc.) or modify them directly
               during operation.
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