Page 44 - Distillation theory

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18 Phase Equilibrium and Its Geometric Presentation

1.10. Questions

1. What is the essence of the “lever rule”?
2. What is an azeotrope?
3. What is a heteroazeotrope?
4. Name the stationary points of types of residue curve bundles?
∞
5. Define a bond, a distillation subregion Reg , and a region Reg .
sub
6. Draw a phase diagram for a three-component mixture with two binary azeotropes
of minimum boiling temperatures and fill in the structural matrix for this phase
diagram.
7. Name the distillation regions Reg ∞ and subregions Reg sub for a phase diagram
mentioned in item 6.
8. Indicate the arrangement of the straight lines coming through liquid–vapor tie-
lines on the α-line points in the concentration triangle.
9. Perform the same assignment as in item 8, but for the points of the α-surfaces in
the composition tetrahedron.
10. How is it possible to define the availability of a ternary azeotrope, given only
the phase equilibrium coefficients of all components from the contour of the
concentration triangle?

1.11. Exercises with Software
1. For a mixture of acetone(1)–methanol(2)–chloroform(3)–ethanol(4), draw the
bonds between components and azeotropes in the concentration tetrahedron, as
well as the boundaries of each distillation region.

2. For a mixture of acetone(1)–benzene(2)–chloroform(3)–toluene(4), draw the α-
lines and α-surfaces in the concentration tetrahedron.

References
Bushmakin, I. N., & Kish, I. N. (1957a). Rectification Investigations of a Ternary
System Having an Azeotrope of the Saddle-Point Type. J. Appl. Chem., 30,
401–12 (Rus.).
Bushmakin, I. N., & Kish, I. N. (1957b). Separating Lines of Distillation and Rec-
tification of Ternary Systems. J. Appl. Chem., 30, 595–606 (Rus.).
Doherty, M. F., & Caldarola, G. A. (1985). Design and Synthesis of Homogeneous
Aseotropic Distillations. 3. The Sequencing of Columns for Azeotropic and
Extractive Distillations. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 24, 474–85.
Gurikov, Yu. V. (1958). Some Questions Concerning the Structure of Two-Phase
Liquid–Vapor Equilibrium Diagrams of Ternary Homogeneous Solutions. J.
Phys. Chem., 32, 1980–96 (Rus.).
Matsuyama, H., & Nishimura, H. (1977). Topological and Thermodynamic Clas-
sification of Ternary Vapor–Liquid Equilibria. J. Chem. Eng. Japan., 10, 181–7.