Page 12 - Earth's Climate Past and Future

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4-11 Case Study: Weathering in the Earth’s Orbit Today 120
Amazon Basin 78 7-1 Earth’s Tilted Axis of Rotation and the
4-12 Weathering: Both a Climate Forcing Seasons 120
and a Feedback? 79 7-2 Earth’s Eccentric Orbit: Distance
Between Earth and Sun 120
CHAPTER 5 Greenhouse Climate 81 Long-Term Changes in Earth’s Orbit 121
What Explains the Warmth 100 Myr Ago? 82 7-3 Changes in Earth’s Axial Tilt
5-1 Model Simulations of the Cretaceous Through Time 121
Greenhouse 82 Tools of Climate Science Cycles and Modulation 122
5-2 What Explains the Data-Model 7-4 Changes in Earth’s Eccentric Orbit
Mismatch? 84 Through Time 123
5-3 Relevance of Past Greenhouse Climate 7-5 Precession of the Solstices and
to the Future 85 Equinoxes Around Earth’s Orbit 124
Sea Level Changes and Climate 86 Looking Deeper into Climate Science Earth’s
5-4 Causes of Tectonic-Scale Changes Precession as a Sine Wave 127
in Sea Level 87 Changes in Insolation Received on Earth 129
5-5 Effect of Changes in Sea Level on 7-6 Insolation Changes by Month and
Climate 91 Season 129
Looking Deeper into Climate Science Calculating 7-7 Insolation Changes by Caloric Seasons 131
Changes in Sea Level 91 Searching for Orbital-Scale Changes in
Asteroid Impact 92 Climatic Records 132
Large and Abrupt Greenhouse Episode near 7-8 Time Series Analysis 133
50 Myr Ago 94 7-9 Effects of Undersampling Climate
Records 134
CHAPTER 6 From Greenhouse to Icehouse: 7-10 Tectonic-Scale Changes in Earth’s
The Last 50 Million Years 97 Orbit 135
Global Climate Change Since 50 Myr Ago 98
CHAPTER 8 Insolation Control of Monsoons 137
6-1 Evidence from Ice and Vegetation 98
6-2 Evidence from Oxygen Isotope Monsoon Circulations 138
Measurements 100 8-1 Orbital-Scale Control of Summer
6-3 Evidence from Mg/Ca Measurements 101 Monsoons 139
Do Changes in Geography Explain the Cooling? 102 Orbital-Scale Changes in North African Summer
Monsoons 141
6-4 Gateway Hypothesis 103
8-2 “Stinky Muds” in the Mediteranean 142
6-5 Assessment of Gateway Changes 104
8-3 Freshwater Diatoms in the Tropical
Hypotheses Linked to Changes in CO 105
2 Atlantic 144
6-6 Evaluation of the BLAG Spreading 8-4 Upwelling in the Equatorial Atlantic 145
Rate Hypothesis 105
Orbital Monsoon Hypothesis: Regional Assessment 146
6-7 Evaluation of the Uplift Weathering
Hypothesis 106 8-5 Cave Speleothems in China and Brazil 146
8-6 Phasing of Summer Monsoons 148
Climate Debate Timing of the Uplift in Western
North America 108 Looking Deeper into Climate Science Insolation-
Driven Monsoon Responses: Chronometer for Tuning 148
Future Climate Change at Tectonic Scales 111
Monsoon Forcing Earlier in Earth’s History 149
Looking Deeper into Climate Science Organic
Carbon: Monterrey Hypothesis 112 8-7 Monsoons on Pangaea 200 Myr Ago 150
8-8 Joint Tectonic and Orbital Control
of Monsoons 152
PART III Orbital-Scale Climate Change 116
CHAPTER 7 Astronomical Control CHAPTER 9 Insolation Control of Ice Sheets 155
of Solar Radiation 119 Milankovitch Theory: Orbital Control of Ice Sheets 156