Page 14 - Earth's Climate Past and Future

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Tools of Climate Science Deglacial C Dates Are 15-5 Impacts of Climate on
Too Young 233 Early Civilizations 281
13-4 Positive Feedbacks to Deglacial Climate Debate Sea Level Rise and Flood Legends 282
Melting 237
Early Impacts of Humans on Climate 283
13-5 Deglacial Lakes, Floods, and 15-6 Did Humans Cause Megafaunal
Sea Level Rise 238
Extinctions? 284
Other Climate Changes During and After Deglaciation 240 15-7 Did Early Farmers Alter Climate? 285
Climate Interactions and Feedbacks Giant Deglacial
Floods 240
CHAPTER 16 Climate Changes During the
13-6 Stronger, Then Weaker Monsoons 241
Last 1000 Years 289
13-7 Warmer, Then Cooler North Polar
Summers 243 Little Ice Age 290
Current and Future Orbital-Scale Climatic Change 246 Proxy Records of Historical Climate 292
16-1 Ice Cores from Mountain Glaciers 292
CHAPTER 14 Millenial Oscillations of Climate 251 16-2 Tree Rings 295
Tools of Climate Science Analyzing Tree Rings 296
Millennial Oscillations During Glaciations 252
16-3 Corals and Tropical Ocean
14-1 Oscillations Recorded in Greenland Temperatures 298
Ice Cores 252
16-4 Other Historical Observations 299
14-2 Oscillations Recorded in North
Climate Interactions and Feedbacks El Niño and ENSO 300
Atlantic Sediments 253
14-3 Detecting and Dating Oscillations in Reconstructing Hemispheric Temperature Trends 302
Other Regions 255 Proposed Causes of Climate Change
14-4 Oscillations Elsewhere in the from 1000 to 1850 303
Northern Hemisphere 256 16-5 Orbital Forcing 303
14-5 Oscillations in Antarctica 258 16-6 Millennial Bipolar Seesaw 303
Millennial Oscillations During the Present 16-7 Solar Variability 303
Interglaciation 259 16-8 Volcanic Explosions 305
Causes of Millennial Oscillations 261 16-9 Greenhouse-Gas Effects on Climate 306
14-6 Solar Variability 263
14-7 Natural Instabilities in Ice Sheets 265 CHAPTER 17 Climate Changes Since 1850 309
14-8 Greenhouse-Gas Forcing 266
Reconstructing Changes in Sea Level 310
14-9 Other Natural Interactions in the 17-1 Fading Memories of Melted Ice Sheets 310
Climate System 266
14-10 Implications for Future Climate 268 Other Instrumental Records 314
17-2 Surface Temperatures 314
PART V Historical and Future Climate 17-3 Subsurface Ocean Temperatures 315
Change 270 17-4 Mountain Glaciers 315
17-5 Ground Temperature 316
CHAPTER 15 Humans and Preindustrial Climate 273 Satellite Observations 317
Climate and Human Evolution 274 17-6 Circum-Arctic Warming 318
15-1 Evidence of Human Evolution 274 17-7 Ice Sheets 319
15-2 Did Climate Change Drive Human Sources of the Recent Rise in Sea Level 320
Evolution? 276
Shorter-Term Oscillations 321
15-3 Testing Climatic Hypotheses with
Fragmentary Records 279
CHAPTER 18 Causes of Warming over the
Impact of Climate on Early Farming 280
Last 125 Years 325
15-4 Did Deglacial Warming Lead to
Early Agriculture? 280 Natural Causes of Recent Warming 326