Page 13 - Earth's Climate Past and Future

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Modeling the Behavior of Ice Sheets 157 11-3 CO Feedback at 41,000 Years? 196
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9-1 Insolation Control of Ice Sheet Size 158 Mystery of the ~100,000-Year Glacial World 196
9-2 Ice Sheets Lag Behind Summer 11-4 How Is the Northern Ice Signal
Insolation Forcing 160 Transferred South? 198
9-3 Delayed Bedrock Response Beneath Why Did the Northern Ice Sheets Vary at
Ice Sheets 161
~100,000 Years? 200
Looking Deeper into Climate Science Ice Volume
Looking Deeper into Climate Science Link Between
Response to Insolation 161
Forcing and the Time Constants of Ice Response 200
9-4 Full Cycle of Ice Growth and Decay 163
11-5 Ice Interactions with Bedrock 201
9-5 Ice Slipping and Calving 164
11-6 Ice Interactions with the Local
Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheet History 165 Environment 203
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9-6 Ice Sheet History: δ O Evidence 165 11-7 Ice Interactions with Greenhouse Gases 203
9-7 Confirming Ice Volume Changes:
Coral Reefs and Sea Level 167
PART IV Deglacial Climate Change 206
Is Milankovich’s Theory the Full Answer? 168
Looking Deeper into Climate Science Sea Level on CHAPTER 12 Last Glacial Maximum 209
Uplifting Islands 170
Glacial World: More Ice, Less Gas 210
CHAPTER 10 Orbital-Scale Changes in Carbon 12-1 Project CLIMAP: Reconstructing the
Dioxide and Methane 175 Last Glacial Maximum 210
12-2 How Large Were the Ice Sheets? 213
Ice Cores 176
12-3 Glacial Dirt and Winds 214
10-1 Drilling and Dating Ice Cores 176
Testing Model Simulations Against Biotic Data 216
10-2 Verifying Ice-Core Measurements of
Ancient Air 177 12-4 COHMAP: Data-Model Comparisons 216
10-3 Orbital-Scale Carbon Transfers: 12-5 Pollen: Indicator of Climate on the
Carbon Isotopes 178 Continents 216
12-6 Using Pollen for Data-Model
Orbital-Scale Changes in CO 179
2 Comparisons 218
10-4 Where Did the Missing Carbon Go? 179
Data-Model Comparisons of Glacial
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10-5 δ C Evidence of Carbon Transfer 180
Maximum Climates 219
How Did the Carbon Get into the Deep Ocean? 182 12-7 Model Simulations of Glacial
10-6 Increased CO Solubility in Seawater 182 Maximum Climates 219
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10-7 Biological Transfer from 12-8 Climate Changes near the Northern
Surface Waters 182 Ice Sheets 220
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A Closer Look at Climate Science Using δ C to 12-9 Climate Changes far from the
Measure Carbon Pumping 183 Northern Ice Sheets 223
10-8 Changes in Deep-Water Circulation 185
How Cold Were the Glacial Tropics? 224
Orbital-Scale Changes in CH 187 12-10 Evidence for a Small Tropical Cooling 225
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Orbital-Scale Climatic Roles: CO and CH 188 12-11 Evidence for a Large Tropical Cooling 226
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12-12 Actual Cooling Was Medium-Small 226
CHAPTER 11 Orbital-Scale Interactions,
Feedbacks, and Unsolved Problems 191 CHAPTER 13 Climate During and Since the Last

Climatic Responses Driven by the Ice Sheets 192 Deglaciation 229
Mystery of the 41,000-Year Glacial World 194 Fire and Ice: Shift in the Balance of Power 230
11-1 Did Insolation Really Vary Mainly 13-1 When Did the Ice Sheets Melt? 230
at 41,000 Years? 194 13-2 Coral Reefs and Rising Sea Level 230
11-2 Interhemispheric Cancellation of 13-3 Glitches in the Deglaciation: Deglacial
23,000-Year Ice Volume Responses? 194 Two-Step 232