Page 15 - Earth's Climate Past and Future

CO NTE NTS xiii

18-1 Tectonic, Orbital, and Millenial CHAPTER 19 Future Climatic Change 343
Factors 326
Future Human Impacts on Greenhouse Gases 344
18-2 Century- and Decadal-Scale Factors:
Solar Forcing 326 19-1 Factors Affecting Future
Carbon Emissions 344
18-3 Annual-Scale Forcing: El Niños and
Volcanic Eruptions 327 19-2 Projected Carbon Emissions and
CO Concentrations 345
2
Anthropogenic Causes of the Recent Warming 327 19-3 Other Human Effects on the
18-4 Carbon Dioxide (CO ) 328 Atmosphere 347
2
18-5 Methane (CH ) 330 Climate Interactions and Feedbacks Will Frozen
4
18-6 Increases in Chlorofluorocarbons 331 Methane Melt? 347
18-7 Sulfate Aerosols 332 Future Climate Changes Caused by increased CO 348
2
18-8 Brown Clouds 334 19-4 A World in Climatic Disequilibrium 348
18-9 Land Clearance 335 19-5 Partial Future Analogs: 2 and 4
Earth’s Sensitivity to Greenhouse Gases 335 Preindustrial CO Concentrations 349
2
18-10 Sensitivity in Climate Models 335 19-6 Greenhouse Surprises? 353
Climate Interactions and Feedbacks Radiative 19-7 How Will Greenhouse Warming
Focing of Recent Warming 336 Change Human Life? 354
18-11 Sensitivity to Greenhouse Gases: Climate Modification? 356
Earth’s Climate History 338
Epilogue 357
Why Has the Warming Since 1850 Been So Small? 339
18-12 Delayed Warming: Ocean Appendix 1 Isotopes of Oxygen 359
Thermal Inertia 340 Appendix 2 Isotopes of Carbon 363
18-13 Cooling from Anthropogenic Aerosols 340 Glossary 365
Global Warming: Summary 341 Index 373

Earth’s Climate System Today (Chapter 2 from
Earth’s Climate, First Edition) is available at
www.whfreeman.com/ruddiman2e.