Page 143 - Educational Technology A Primer for the 21st Century
P. 143
134 8 Designing Learning Activities and Instructional Systems
make sense of the presented material as an active participant, ultimately con-
structing new knowledge.
8.2.4.1 Mayer’s Principles of Multimedia Learning
Mayer (2009) identifies twelve multimedia learning or instructional principles
which were developed from nearly 100 studies over the past two decades:
(1) Coherence Principle
People learn better when extraneous words, pictures, and sounds are excluded
rather than included.
(2) Signaling Principle
People learn better when cues that highlight the organization of the essential
material are added.
(3) Redundancy Principle
People learn better from graphics and narration than from graphics, narration and
on-screen text.
(4) Spatial Contiguity Principle
People learn better when corresponding words and pictures are presented near
rather than far from each other on the page or screen.
(5) Temporal Contiguity Principle
People learn better when corresponding words and pictures are presented
simultaneously rather than successively.
(6) Segmenting Principle
People learn better from a multimedia lesson is presented in user-paced segments
rather than as a continuous unit.
(7) Pretraining Principle
People learn better from a multimedia lesson when they know the names and
characteristics of the main concepts.
(8) Modality Principle
People learn better from graphics and narrations than from animation and
on-screen text.
