Page 144 - Educational Technology A Primer for the 21st Century

8.2 Learning Activity Design 135
(9) Multimedia Principle

People learn better from words and pictures than from words alone.

(10) Personalization Principle

People learn better from multimedia lessons when words are in conversational
style rather than formal style.
(11) Voice Principle

People learn better when the narration in multimedia lessons is spoken in a
friendly human voice rather than a machine voice.

(12) Image Principle

People do not necessarily learn better from a multimedia lesson when the
speaker’s image is added to the screen.
These twelve principles can divide into three groups based on the types of
cognitive load, as shown in Table 8.2.

8.2.4.2 Case Study
For learning design of Newton’s first law, as the content is difficult and abstract, we
have to use some multimedia resources.
Design strategy:
(1) Use flash or animation experiment presentation.
(2) Use daily life examples and pictures.

Table 8.2 Twelve principles
Principle
and types of cognitive load
Reducing extraneous processing • Coherence
• Signaling
• Redundancy
• Spatial contiguity
• Temporal contiguity
Managing essential processing • Segmenting
• Pretraining
• Modality
Fostering generative processing • Multimedia
• Personalization
• Voice
• Image