Page 149 - Educational Technology A Primer for the 21st Century

140 8 Designing Learning Activities and Instructional Systems
The instructional design procedure is often referred to as task analysis, and a course
may contain many learning tasks that facilitate students to achieve the instructional
goals.
The four steps for conducting a task inventory are: repeat the purpose statement,
reaffirm the instructional goals, identify the primary performance tasks, and specify
prerequisite knowledge and skills.

(2) Compose performance objectives.
The aim of this step is to compose objectives that are congruent with the
instructional goals. An objective provides a way to evaluate when a specific desired
performance has been attained. Categories of learning (such as Bloom’s Taxonomy)
can be used to specify learning outcomes.

(3) Generate testing strategies.
The aim of this step to create items to test students’ achievements. Testing
strategies should have high fidelity between the task, the objective, and the test
items. Test items should be authentic and simulate performance space.
(4) Calculate return on investment.

Calculate return on investment is to estimate the cost for completing the entire
ADDIE process. The procedure for calculating includes calculating the training
costs, the benefits derived from the training, and comparing the training benefits to
the training costs. This can be considered a partial form of summative evaluation of
the entire effort.

8.3.1.3 Develop
Develop is the third phase of the ADDIE instructional design process, with the
purpose to generate and validate the learning resources that will be required during
the life of the instructional modules. After completing the develop phase, one
should be able to identify all of the resources that will be needed to undertake the
planned episodes of intentional learning.
Also, one should also have selected or developed tools to implement the planned
instruction, to evaluate the instructional outcomes, and to complete the remaining
phases of the ADDIE instructional design process.
The main procedures and typical deliverable associated with the develop phase
are as in Table 8.5.

(1) Generate content.
The aim of this step is to generate learning plans. Content is the focal point for
engaging students during the process of knowledge construction. However, content
should be strategically introduced during the teaching and learning sessions. Thus,