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8.3 Instructional Systems Design 141

Table 8.5 Standard procedures for develop phase
Standard procedures Typical deliverable
(1) Generate content Content
Sources for additional content
Lesson plans
Instructional strategies
(2) Select or develop Selected media to facilitate the learning process
supporting media
(3) Develop guidance for A comprehensive set of directions for each instructional episode
the student and independent activities that facilitate the student’s
construction of knowledge and skills
(4) Develop guidance for A comprehensive set of directions that will offer guidance to the
the teacher teacher as he or she interacts with the students during the course
of the planned instruction
(5) Conduct formative A formative evaluation plan
revisions A summary of significant revisions
(6) Conduct a pilot test The results of a pilot test

instructional strategies become the overt means by which knowledge, skills, and
procedures are exchanged during an episode of intentional learning.
(2) Select or develop supporting media.

The aim of this step is to select or develop media sufficient to accomplish the
performance objective(s) as well as the remaining ADDIE procedures. Effective
media facilitates the construction and retention of knowledge and skills. Instruc-
tional media are intended to enrich the learning experience by using a variety of
tangible items to facilitate the performance objectives. Media should be chosen to
support an instructional event. Do not choose instructional events to support a
medium. All of the events of instruction should be mediated, although a single
episode may have different types of media. Select or develop supporting media
should consider learners’ cognitive load and Mayer’s principles of multimedia
learning media.
(3) Develop guidance for the student.

The aim of this step is to provide information to guide the student through the
instruction. Providing guidance for navigating the instructional strategies enhances
the learning experience. The format of the guiding artifact will vary depending on
the instructional goals and the primary delivery system.
(4) Develop guidance for the teacher.

The aim of this step is to provide information to guide the teacher as he or she
facilitates the episodes of intentional learning. Guiding artifacts reflect the
designer’s selection of tasks to be performed by the students, the definition of