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8.3 Instructional Systems Design 139
(4) Identify required resources.

This step is to identify all types of resources that will be required to complete the
course and the entire ADDIE process. There are four types of resources, including
content resources, technology resources, instructional facilities, and human
resources.

(5) Determine potential delivery systems.
The procedure is to evaluate different instructional delivery systems and rec-
ommend the best option(s) that has the highest potential to close the performance
gap. Conventional delivery systems include but not limited to face-to-face,
computer-based learning, video, Internet-based learning management systems, and
virtual reality environment.

(6) Compose a project/course management plan.

This step is to create a consensual document that confirms the expectations of all
parties involved in the project or course plan, which may have fours phases: ini-
tiation, planning, execution, and closure. When doing a project management plan,
the following four sections should consider: core instructional design team mem-
bers, significant constraints, schedule tasks, and final report.

8.3.1.2 Design
Design is the second phase of the ADDIE, with the purpose to confirm the desired
performances and appropriate testing methods. After completing the design phase,
one should be able to prepare a set of functional specifications for closing the
performance gap due to the lack of knowledge or skills.
The standard procedures and typical deliverable associated with the design phase
are as shown in Table 8.4.
(1) Conduct a task inventory.

Conducting a task inventory is to identify the essential tasks required to achieve
an instructional goal. A task inventory organizes the content so that the students can
construct the knowledge and skills necessary to achieve the instructional goals.

Table 8.4 Standard procedures for design phase
Standard procedures Typical deliverable
(1) Conduct a task inventory A task inventory diagram
(2) Compose performance objectives A complete set of performance objectives
(3) Generate testing strategies A complete set of test items
A testing strategy
(4) Calculate return on investment A return on investment proposal