Page 205 - Facility Piping Systems Handbook for Industrial, Commercial, and Healthcare Facilities

WATER TREATMENT AND PURIFICATION

WATER TREATMENT AND PURIFICATION 4.41

TABLE 4.9 Water Treatment Technology for Small Potable Water Systems (Continued)
Technology Advantages Disadvantages
Organic contaminant removal
Granular activated carbon Effective for a broad spectrum Spent carbon disposal
of organics
Packed-tower aeration Effective for volatile Potential for air emissions
compounds issues
Diffused aeration Effective for volatile Clogging, air emissions,
compounds and radionuclides variable removal efficiencies
Advanced oxidation Very effective By-products
Reverse osmosis Broad spectrum removal Variable removal efficiencies,
wastewater disposal
Inorganic contaminant removal
Reverse osmosis Highly effective Expensive waste removal
Ion exchange Highly effective Expensive waste removal
Activated alumina Highly effective Expensive waste removal
GAC Highly effective Expensive waste removal

for specific applications often use pure water as feedwater and they further purify it to meet
those specific requirements at the point of use.

CODES AND STANDARDS

The required quality of purified water depends on the application. Various codes have spe-
cifically defined water quality for use in various industries. Among them are:
1. 21 CFR 210 or cGMP for drugs
2. 21 CFR 211 or cGMP for finished pharmaceuticals
3. USP/NF official water nomographs
4. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

LABORATORY SYSTEMS

For laboratory work, all applications do not require the same quality of water. The American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the College of American Pathologists (CAP),
the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS), and the Association
for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) have all developed standards for
water used in laboratories depending on their intended use. These standards are summa-
rized in Tables 4.10 (ASTM, CAP), 4.11 (NCCLS), and 4.12 (AAMI). ASTM electronics
grade water standard is given in Table 4.13 for reference only. There are two types of pure
water categories in the NCCLS specifications:

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