Page 26 - Fair, Geyer, and Okun's Water and wastewater engineering : water supply and wastewater removal

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xx Contents
19. Engineering Projects Management 712

19.1 Role of Engineers 712
19.2 Steps in Project Development 712
19.2.1 Community Action 712
19.2.2 Engineering Response 714
19.3 The Engineering Report 716
19.4 Feasibility Studies 716
19.5 Alternatives 717
19.6 Plans and Specifications 718
19.7 Sources of Information 718
19.8 Standards 718
19.9 Design Specifications 719
19.10 Project Construction 720
19.10.1 Notice to Bidders 720
19.10.2 General Conditions 720
19.10.3 Special Provisions 721
19.10.4 Detailed Specifications 721
19.10.5 The Proposal 722
19.10.6 The Contract 722
19.11 Project Financing 722
19.12 Methods of Borrowing 725
19.12.1 General Obligation Bonds 726
19.12.2 Revenue Bonds 726
19.12.3 Special Assessment Bonds 726
19.13 Rate Making 726
19.13.1 Water Rates 727
19.13.2 Fire Protection 727
19.13.3 Peak-Flow Demands 727
19.13.4 Sewer Service Charges 728
19.14 Systems Management 728

20. Prevention through Design and System Safety 731
20.1 Introduction to System Safety 731
20.2 Nature and Magnitude of Safety and Health Problems 734
20.3 Risk Assessment Matrix 736
20.3.1 Description 736
20.3.2 Procedures 738
20.3.3 Advantages and Limitations of the Risk Matrix 743
20.4 Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis 743
20.4.1 Description 743
20.4.2 Application 743
20.4.3 Procedures 744
20.4.4 Advantages and Limitations 749
20.5 Engineering and Design for Safe Construction 750
20.5.1 Construction Failures 750
20.5.2 Causes of Construction Failures 751
20.5.3 Classification of Causal Factors 752