Page 25 - Fair, Geyer, and Okun's Water and wastewater engineering : water supply and wastewater removal

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Contents xix
17.13 Performance of Trenchless Technology 663
17.14 Costs of Trenchless Technology 663
17.15 All Techniques for Manholes 665
17.15.1 Description of Materials, Equipment, and Products 665
17.15.2 Description of Procedures 665
17.15.3 Costs 666
17.16 Service Lateral Techniques 667
17.16.1 Description 667
17.16.2 Procedures and Equipment 667

18. Alternative Wastewater Collection Systems 670
18.1 Alternative Sewer Systems 670
18.1.1 Common Features of Alternative Systems 671
18.1.2 Evaluation Issues 671
18.2 Low-Pressure Sewer System 672
18.2.1 Applicability 674
18.2.2 Advantages 675
18.2.3 Disadvantages 675
18.2.4 Design Criteria 676
18.2.5 Wastewater Force Main Design 679
18.2.6 STEP Performance 686
18.2.7 GP Performance 687
18.2.8 Operation and Maintenance 687
18.2.9 Extent of Use in the United States 687
18.2.10 Costs 688
18.3 Small-Diameter Gravity Sewer System 689
18.3.1 Applicability 692
18.3.2 Advantages 692
18.3.3 Disadvantages 692
18.3.4 Design Criteria 693
18.3.5 Operation and Maintenance 694
18.3.6 Costs 694
18.4 Vacuum Sewer System 694
18.4.1 System Types 694
18.4.2 System Comparison 697
18.4.3 System Description 698
18.4.4 Operation 702
18.4.5 System Design 703
18.4.6 Potential Applications 706
18.4.7 System Costs 707
18.5 Comparison with Conventional Collection 708
18.5.1 Population Density 708
18.5.2 Growth Inducement 709
18.5.3 Ground Slopes 709
18.5.4 Subsurface Obstacles 709
18.5.5 Discharge to Gravity Sewers 709
18.5.6 Discharge to Subsurface Disposal Fields 710