Page 20 - Fair, Geyer, and Okun's Water and wastewater engineering : water supply and wastewater removal

JWCL344_fm_i-xxx.qxd 8/26/10 5:51 PM Page xiv

xiv Contents
11.3 Precipitation 360
11.3.1 Convective Precipitation 360
11.3.2 Orographic Precipitation 361
11.3.3 Cyclonic Precipitation 362
11.3.4 Droughts 364
11.3.5 Measuring Precipitation 364
11.4 Evaporation and Transpiration 366
11.4.1 Evaporation from Water Surfaces 366
11.4.2 Evaporation from Land Surfaces 367
11.4.3 Transpiration 368
11.4.4 Measuring Evaporation and Transpiration 368
11.5 Percolation 369
11.6 Groundwater Discharge 371
11.7 Runoff 372
11.7.1 Dry-Weather Flows 372
11.7.2 Runoff from Rainfall 372
11.7.3 Runoff from Snowmelt 372
11.7.4 Measuring Runoff 373
11.8 Good Records and Their Uses 373
11.8.1 Rainfall Records 373
11.8.2 Runoff Records 374
11.9 Hydrologic Frequency Functions 374
11.9.1 Averages 374
11.9.2 Variability and Skewness 375
11.10 Probability Paper 375
11.11 Rainfall and Runoff Analysis 377
11.12 Annual Rainfall and Runoff 377
11.12.1 Rainfall 377
11.12.2 Runoff 378
11.13 Storm Rainfall 380
11.14 Frequency of Intense Storms 381
11.15 Intensity-Duration-Frequency Relationships 383
11.15.1 Graphical Fitting 384
11.15.2 Intensity-Duration-Frequency Relationships
for the United States 385
11.16 Storm Runoff and Flood Flows 387
11.17 Estimates of Storm Runoff 388
11.17.1 The Rational Method 388
11.17.2 The Unit-Hydrograph Method 391
11.18 Flood-Flow Formulas 394

12. Urban Runoff and Combined Sewer Overflow Management 398
12.1 Hydrologic Impacts of Urbanization 398
12.2 Urban Runoff Pollution 400
12.3 The Planning Process 401
12.3.1 Description of the Planning Process 402
12.3.2 Initiate Program 404