Page 17 - Fair, Geyer, and Okun's Water and wastewater engineering : water supply and wastewater removal

JWCL344_fm_i-xxx.qxd 8/26/10 5:51 PM Page xi

Contents xi
5.9.8 Flow Control Valves 188
5.9.9 Throttle Control Valves 189
5.9.10 Manholes 189
5.9.11 Insulation Joints 189
5.9.12 Expansion Joints 189
5.9.13 Anchorages 189
5.9.14 Other Appurtenances 190

6. Water Distribution Systems: Components, Design, and Operation 194
6.1 Distribution Systems 194
6.1.1 One- and Two-Directional Flow 194
6.1.2 Distribution Patterns 194
6.1.3 Pipe Grids 195
6.1.4 High and Low Services 196
6.1.5 Service to Premises 196
6.2 System Components 197
6.3 System Capacity 200
6.4 System Pressure 201
6.5 Field Performance of Existing Systems 202
6.6 Office Studies of Pipe Networks 204
6.6.1 Sectioning 205
6.6.2 Relaxation (Hardy Cross) 207
6.6.3 Pipe Equivalence 213
6.6.4 Computer Programming 215
6.7 Industrial Water Systems 216
6.8 Management, Operation, and Maintenance of Distribution Systems 217
6.8.1 General Maintenance Person Asphyxiated While Attempting to
Repair Water Leak 219
6.8.2 Plumber Repairing a Water Line Killed When
Struck by a Backhoe Bucket 219
6.8.3 Welder Killed Following a 100-Ft Fall from a Water Tower 222

7. Water Distribution Systems: Modeling and Computer Applications 230
7.1 WaterGems Software 230
7.2 Water Demand Patterns 231
7.3 Energy Losses and Gains 232
7.4 Pipe Networks 234
7.4.1 Conservation of Mass 234
7.4.2 Conservation of Energy 234
7.5 Network Analysis 235
7.5.1 Steady-State Network Hydraulics 235
7.5.2 Extended-Period Simulation 235
7.6 Water Quality Modeling 236
7.6.1 Age Modeling 236
7.6.2 Trace Modeling 237