Page 14 - Fair, Geyer, and Okun's Water and wastewater engineering : water supply and wastewater removal

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viii Contents
2.7.3 Quality Control 45
2.7.4 Swamp Drainage 45
2.8 Reservoir Siting 46
2.9 Reservoir Management 47
2.9.1 Quality Control 47
2.9.2 Evaporation Control 47
2.10 Dams and Dikes 48
2.10.1 Embankment Dams 48
2.10.2 Masonry Dams 50
2.11 Spillways 50
2.12 Intakes 52
2.12.1 River Intakes 53
2.12.2 Lake and Reservoir Intakes 53
2.12.3 Submerged and Exposed Intakes 54
2.12.4 Intake Velocities and Depths 54
2.12.5 Intake Conduits and Pumping Stations 55
2.13 Diversion Works 55
2.14 Collection of Rainwater 55

3. Water Sources: Groundwater 61

3.1 Porosity and Effective Porosity 63
3.2 Permeability 63
3.3 Groundwater Geology 64
3.4 Groundwater Situation in the United States 65
3.5 Types of Aquifers 65
3.6 Groundwater Movement 67
3.7 Darcy’s Law 67
3.8 Aquifer Characteristics 68
3.9 Well Hydraulics 71
3.10 Nonsteady Radial Flow 72
3.10.1 Confined Aquifers 72
3.10.2 Semilogarithmic Approximation 76
3.10.3 Recovery Method 79
3.10.4 Unconfined Aquifers 80
3.10.5 Leaky Aquifers 81
3.11 Prediction of Drawdown 82
3.11.1 Constant Discharge 82
3.11.2 Variable Discharge 85
3.11.3 Intermittent Discharge 86
3.12 Multiple-Well Systems 87
3.13 Aquifer Boundaries 90
3.13.1 Recharge Boundaries 91
3.13.2 Location of Aquifer Boundaries 94
3.14 Characteristics of Wells 94
3.14.1 Specific Capacity of a Well 95
3.14.2 Partial Penetration 95