Page 18 - Fair, Geyer, and Okun's Water and wastewater engineering : water supply and wastewater removal

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xii Contents
7.6.3 Constituents Modeling 237
7.6.4 Initial Conditions 237
7.6.5 Numerical Methods 238
7.6.6 Discrete Volume Method 238
7.6.7 Time-Driven Method 238
7.7 Automated Optimization 239
7.7.1 Model Calibration 239
7.7.2 System Design 240

8. Pumping, Storage, and Dual Water Systems 265
8.1 Pumps and Pumping Stations 265
8.2 Pump Characteristics 267
8.2.1 Power Requirements and Efficiencies of Pumps 269
8.2.2 Cavitation 271
8.2.3 Performance Characteristics 272
8.3 Service Storage 275
8.3.1 Equalizing, or Operating, Storage 275
8.3.2 Fire Reserve 277
8.3.3 Emergency Reserve 277
8.3.4 Total Storage 277
8.4 Location of Storage 279
8.5 Elevation of Storage 280
8.6 Types of Distributing Reservoirs 280
8.7 Dual Water Supply Systems 287
8.7.1 Background 288
8.7.2 The Nature of the Problems with Drinking Water
Quality 288
8.7.3 The Pipes in the Distribution Systems 289
8.7.4 Biofilms and the Problems They Cause 289
8.7.5 The Proposed System 290

9. Cross-Connection Control 297
9.1 Introduction 297
9.2 Public Health Significance of Cross-Connections 298
9.2.1 Human Blood in the Water System 298
9.2.2 Sodium Hydroxide in the Water Main 299
9.2.3 Heating System Antifreeze in Potable Water 301
9.2.4 Salt Water Pumped into Freshwater Line 301
9.2.5 Paraquat in the Water System 302
9.2.6 Propane Gas in the Water Mains 304
9.2.7 Chlordane and Heptachlor at a Housing Authority 305
9.2.8 Boiler Water Entered High School Drinking Water 306
9.2.9 Car Wash Water in the Street Water Main 306
9.2.10 Health Problems Due to Cross-Connection in an Office
Building 308