Page 16 - Fair, Geyer, and Okun's Water and wastewater engineering : water supply and wastewater removal

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x Contents
4.4 Variations or Patterns of Water Demand 133
4.4.1 Domestic Variations 134
4.4.2 Fire Demands 135
4.5 Demand and Drainage Loads of Buildings 140
4.6 Wastewater Flows 142
4.6.1 Spent Water or Domestic Wastewater 142
4.6.2 Groundwater Seepage 142
4.6.3 Stormwater 143
4.6.4 Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional
Wastewaters 144
4.7 Variations in Wastewater Flows 144
4.8 Design Flows for Wastewater Infrastructure Development 150
4.9 Design Flows for Water Infrastructure Development 151

5. Water Hydraulics, Transmission and Appurtenances 154
5.1 Fluid Mechanics, Hydraulics, and Water Transmission 154
5.1.1 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 154
5.1.2 Transmission Systems 157
5.2 Fluid Transport 159
5.2.1 Rational Equation for Surface Resistance 159
5.2.2 Exponential Equation for Surface Resistance 163
5.2.3 Form Resistance 171
5.2.4 Hydraulic Transients 172
5.3 Capacity and Size of Conduits 173
5.4 Multiple Lines 176
5.5 Cross-Sections 177
5.6 Structural Requirements 177
5.7 Location 179
5.7.1 Line and Grade 179
5.7.2 Vertical and Horizontal Curves 179
5.7.3 Depth of Cover 180
5.8 Materials of Construction 183
5.8.1 Carrying Capacity 183
5.8.2 Strength 184
5.8.3 Durability 184
5.8.4 Transportation 184
5.8.5 Safety 184
5.8.6 Maintenance 184
5.8.7 Leakage 185
5.9 Appurtenances 185
5.9.1 Gate Valves 187
5.9.2 Blowoffs 187
5.9.3 Air Valves 187
5.9.4 Check Valves 188
5.9.5 Pressure-Reducing Valves 188
5.9.6 Pressure-Sustaining Valves 188
5.9.7 Pressure Breaker Valves 188