Page 23 - Fair, Geyer, and Okun's Water and wastewater engineering : water supply and wastewater removal

JWCL344_fm_i-xxx.qxd 8/26/10 5:51 PM Page xvii

Contents xvii
15. Sewerage Systems: Modeling and Computer Applications 555

15.1 Extended-Period Simulations 555
15.1.1 Convex Routing 556
15.1.2 Weighted Translation Routing 556
15.1.3 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Time Steps 557
15.2 SewerCAD 557
15.3 Storm Sewer Applications 569
15.3.1 Hydrology Model 570
15.3.2 Hydraulics Model 570
15.4 StormCAD 571
15.5 Inlet Design and Analysis Using Computer Modeling 572

16. Sewer Material, Appurtenances, and Maintenance 590
16.1 Gravity Sewer Pipe Material 590
16.1.1 Ductile Iron Pipe 590
16.1.2 Concrete Pipe 590
16.1.3 Plastic Pipe 591
16.1.4 Vitrified Clay Pipe 592
16.2 Trenchless Rehabilitation Pipe Material 592
16.3 Force Main Pipe Material 592
16.4 Application of Pipe Material 593
16.4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages 594
16.4.2 Design Criteria 594
16.4.3 Costs of Gravity Sewer 594
16.4.4 Costs of Force Main 596
16.5 Manholes 597
16.6 Building Connections 600
16.7 Cleanouts 600
16.8 Lift Stations 600
16.8.1 Applicability 602
16.8.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 603
16.8.3 Design Criteria 603
16.8.4 Performance 607
16.8.5 Operation and Maintenance 611
16.8.6 Costs 612
16.9 Evaluation and Maintenance of Sewers 614
16.10 Preliminary Analysis of Sewer Systems 614
16.10.1 Regulatory Requirements 615
16.10.2 Structural Failure 615
16.10.3 Capacity Limitations 615
16.10.4 Citizens’ Complaints 615
16.10.5 Need to Enlarge Service Area 615
16.10.6 Budgetary Planning Needs 616
16.11 Preventive Maintenance Methods and Procedures 617
16.12 Sanitary Sewer Overflows 617
16.12.1 Need to Control Sanitary Sewer Overflows 618
16.12.2 Causes of Sanitary Sewer Overflows 619