Page 441 - Fair, Geyer, and Okun's Water and wastewater engineering : water supply and wastewater removal

JWCL344_ch12_398-456.qxd 8/4/10 9:37 PM Page 401

12.3 The Planning Process 401
Table 12.1 Summary of Urban Runoff Pollutants

Category Parameters Possible Sources Effects
Sediments Organic and inorganic Construction sites Turbidity
Total suspended solids (TSS) Urban/agricultural runoff Habitat alteration
Turbidity CSOs Recreational and aesthetic loss
Dissolved solids Landfills, septic fields Contaminant transport
Navigation/hydrology
Bank erosion
Nutrients Nitrate Urban/agricultural runoff Surface waters
Nitrite Landfills, septic fields Algal blooms
Ammonia Atmospheric deposition Ammonia toxicity
Organic nitrogen Erosion Groundwater
Phosphate Nitrate toxicity
Total phosphorus
Pathogens Total coliforms Urban/agricultural runoff Ear/intestinal infections
Fecal coliforms Septic systems Shellfish bed closure
Fecal streptococci Illicit sanitary connections Recreational/aesthetic loss
Viruses CSOs
E. coli Boat discharges
Enterococcus Domestic/wild animals
Organic Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) Urban/agricultural runoff Dissolved oxygen depletion
enrichment Chemical oxygen demand (COD) CSOs Odors
Total organic carbon (TOC) Landfills, septic systems Fish kills
Dissolved oxygen
Toxic Toxic trace metals Urban/agricultural runoff Bioaccumulation in food chain
pollutants Toxic organics Pesticides/herbicides organisms and potential toxicity
Underground storage tanks to humans and other organisms
Hazardous waste sites
Landfills
Illegal oil disposal
Industrial discharges

Salts Sodium chloride Urban runoff Vehicular corrosion
Snowmelt Contamination of drinking water
Harmful to salt-intolerant plants

CSOs combined sewer overflows.
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1977).

12.3 THE PLANNING PROCESS
This section outlines the process for developing and initiating urban runoff management
plans. It also discusses the establishment and refinement of program goals.
Runoff management and planning elements include the following:
1. Utilization of greenways and detention ponds
2. Utilization of pervious areas for recharge
3. Avoidance of steep slopes for development
4. Maintenance of maximum land area in a natural undisturbed state