Page 14 - Fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and mass transfer

LIST OF FIGURES

Fluid Mechanics 2.7 Drag coefficients for spheres, disks, and
cylinders. 28
1.1 Shear rate versus shear stress diagrams for
2.8 Vortex street phenomenon. 29
Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. 6
2.9 Oil damper to cushion valve closure. 31
1.2 Classification of viscometers. 8
2.10 Air gap cushions shock waves when valve
1.3 Rotating disk and parallel plate viscometers. 8
is suddenly closed. 32
1.4 Cup and bob coaxial viscometers. 9
1.5 Cambridge moving piston viscometer. 9 3.1 D’Arcy friction factors as function of N Re . 37
1.6 Cone and plate viscometers. 9 3.2 Tee entry arrangements. 38
1.7 Tube viscometers. 9 3.3 Losses on fluid entry into a pipe for
1.8 Mercury barometer. 11 different entry configurations. 38
1.9 Aneroid barograph. 12 3.4 Strainer. 39
1.10 Different types of manometers. 12 3.5 Important types of valves. 47
1.11 Two-liquid manometer. 13 3.6 Gate valve. 47
1.12 Bourdon tube pressure gauge. 13 3.7 Globe valve. 48
1.13 Helical Bourdon tube. 14 3.8 Ball valve. (Courtesy: Vaishnavi Engineering.) 49
1.14 Basic metallic bellows. 14 3.9 Diaphragm valve. 50
1.15 Capsule device for measurement 3.10 Butterfly valve. 50
of differential pressure. 14 3.11 Swing check valve. 51
1.16 Float-type level measurement. 16 3.12 Ball check valves. 52
1.17 Liquid level measurement in an open tank. 16 3.13 Lift check valve. 52
1.18 Ultrasonic level measurement. 17 3.14 Symbols for some common types of valves. 54
1.19 Liquid level measurement. 19 3.15 Relief valve. 55
1.20 Inaccuracies in level measurements 3.16 Different types of valves for solids flow. 56
for foaming liquids. 19 3.17 Collapse of a bubble. (Source: Samson AG,
Frankfurt.) 56
2.1 Changeover of laminar flow into turbulent
eddies. 22 4.1 Turndown ratios. 60
2.2 Velocity profiles for laminar and turbulent flows. 23 4.2 Meter installations for gas and liquid flows. 60
2.3 Reynolds number demonstration experiment. 24 4.3 Vena contracta. 61
2.4 Equivalent diameter for annulus. 25 4.4 Types of orifice plates. (a) Sharp-edged,
2.5 Development of boundary layer. 25 (b) thick plate, and (c) thick plate with curved
2.6 Drag coefficients for different shaped objects. radius. 62
Note: All objects have the same projected 4.5 Sharp-edged orifice meter showing flow
(frontal) area. 27 pattern with flange taps. 62
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