Page 17 - Fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and mass transfer

xx LIST OF FIGURES

10.1 Double pipe (hairpin) heat exchanger with 10.37 Temperature profiles for cocurrent flow. 314
annuli connected in series and inner pipes 10.38 Comparison of E and J shells for flow
connected in parallel. 273 directions. 315
10.2 TEMA designations for shell and tube heat 10.39 Temperature profiles for a 1–2 heat
exchangers. 274 exchanger. 315
10.3 1–1 Fixed tube sheet shell and tube heat 10.40 LMTD correction factors, F, for a 1–2 heat
exchanger with baffles. 275 exchanger. 316
10.4 Pull-through 1–2 floating head heat 10.41 LMTD correction factors, F, for a 2–4 heat
exchanger with baffles (TEMA S). 275 exchanger. 317
10.5 2–4 Floating head heat exchanger with 10.42 Heat exchanger effectiveness for
baffles. 276 countercurrent flow. 323
10.6 U-bundle heat exchanger with baffles. 276 10.43 Heat exchanger effectiveness for cocurrent
10.7 Pull-through floating head heat exchanger, flow. 324
suitable for kettle reboilers (TEMA T). 276
10.8 Flow arrangement for two heat exchangers 11.1 Illustration showing condensate backup. 332
in series. 277 11.2 Condensate removal system for a reboiler. 333
10.9 Grooves are made in the tube sheet for 11.3 Annular and stratified flows inside horizontal
increased jointing between tube and tube condensers. 334
sheet. 280 11.4 (a) Horizontal once-through reboiler with
10.10 Different tube-to-tube joints. 281 shell side boiling. (b) Horizontal recirculating
10.11 Different types of expansion joints. 281 reboiler with shell side boiling. 337
10.12 Illustration showing shell expansion joint. 281 11.5 Horizontal reboilers. 338
10.13 Double tube sheet design. 281 11.6 (a) Vertical single pass, once-through with
10.14 Typical pass partitions for two to eight tube tube side boiling. (b) Vertical, recirculating
passes. 282 with shell side boiling. 338
10.15 Types of tube pitch. 285 11.7 Recirculating baffled bottoms reboiler system. 338
10.16 Shell side flow patterns in triangular pitch. 285 11.8 Column internal reboiler. 340
10.17 Vapor bubbles rising through boiling liquid 11.9 Kettle reboiler. 340
inside a heat exchanger with square tube 11.10 Vertical thermosiphon reboiler. 341
pitch. 286 11.11 Two reboilers in parallel. 344
10.18 Photograph of a cutaway of a baffled shell 11.12 Two reboilers in series. 344
and tube heat exchanger. 287 11.13 New reboiler installed at an upper section
10.19 Different arrangements for segmental baffles. 288 of the column. 345
10.20 Segmental baffles. 288 11.14 Quick selection guide for reboilers. 347
10.21 Disk and doughnut baffle. 288 11.15 Evaporator selection guide. 349
10.22 Orifice baffle. 288 11.16 Energy-efficient evaporation systems. 350
10.23 Rod baffles. 289 11.17 Short tube vertical calandria-type
10.24 Baffle cut. 289 evaporator. 350
10.25 Effect of small and large baffle cuts. 290 11.18 Swenson rising film evaporator unit.
10.26 Large clearance between baffle and tube. 290 (Courtesy: Swenson Technology, Inc.) 353
10.27 Baffle cut orientations. 291 11.19 Swenson falling film evaporation unit.
10.28 Leaking paths for flow bypassing the tube (Courtesy: Swenson Technology, Inc.) 354
matrix. Both through baffle clearances 11.20 Tube showing falling liquid film. 355
between the tube matrix and the shell. 291 11.21 Vertical forced circulation evaporator. 356
10.29 Seal strips reduce bypassing around tube 11.22 Mechanical vapor recompression evaporation
bundle. 292 system. 359
10.30 Helixchanger heat exchanger. 293 11.23 Double effect evaporator with forward feed
10.31 Use of impingement baffle. 294 operation. 362
10.32 Rotating helical coil tube insert. 295 11.24 Backward feed operation for a double effect
10.33 Twisted tape tube insert. 295 evaporator. 363
10.34 Wire mesh insert. 295 11.25 Duhring plot for sodium chloride solutions. 366
10.35 Idealized fouling curve. 300 11.26 Different types of entrainment separators. 369
10.36 Temperature profiles for countercurrent flow. 314 11.27 Barometric condenser. 369