Page 20 - Fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and mass transfer

LIST OF FIGURES xxiii

17.12 Inverted batch distillation. 551 17.41 Bypassing and flooding the condenser
17.13 Equilibrium flash vaporization. 552 illustrated. 585
17.14 Operation of a simple distillation unit showing 17.42 Equilateral triangular diagram. 588
different parts. 552 17.43 Binodal and spinodal curves illustrated. Solid
17.15 Optimum column pressure. 553 curve represents binodal curve. Dotted curve
17.16 Optimum reflux ratio. 554 represents the spinal curve. Five tie lines
17.17 McCabe–Thiele construction for number of (dashed lines) for the system, water–methanol–
theoretical trays. 555 benzene (estimated) and plait point are
17.18 Flow chart for multistage separations. 556 also shown. 588
17.19 Enthalpy–concentration method for number 17.44 Triangular diagrams for Type I and Type II
of trays for binary distillation at a given reflux liquid–liquid equilibria. 589
ratio. 557 17.45 Ternary equilibria for Type I system. 1–Hexene
17.20 Batch fractionation at constant reflux ratio (A)–tetramethylene sulfone
(for four theoretical trays). 557 (B)–benzene (C) at 50 C.

17.21 Batch fractionation at constant distillate (a) Equilateral triangular plot,
composition (for four theoretical trays). 558 (b) right angular triangular plot, and
17.22 Instrumentation for constant vaporization rate (c) rectangular coordinate plot (Janecke
and constant overhead composition in batch Diagram, solvent-free coordinates). 589
distillation. 558 17.46 Ternary equilibria for Type II system.
17.23 Batch, continuous, and semicontinuous Hexane (A)–aniline (B)–methylcyclopentane

processes for separation of n-hexane, (C) at 34.5 C. (a) Equilateral triangular plot,
n-heptane, and n-octane mixtures. 559 (b) right-angled triangular plot, and
17.24 Gilliland correlation on log–log coordinates. 561 (c) rectangular coordinate plot
17.25 Gilliland correlation as a function of reflux (Janecke and solvent-free coordinates). 590
ratio. 562 17.47 Single-stage extraction 591
17.26 Erbar–Maddox correlation for number 17.48 Multistage extraction with cross-flow. 592
of theoretical trays. 562 17.49 Multistage extraction with counterflow. 592
17.27 T–x–y and x–y diagrams for isopropyl 17.50 Pressure–temperature diagram for a pure
ether–isopropyl alcohol system at 101.3 kPa compound. 595
pressure. 564 17.51 Simplified flow diagram for a supercritical
17.28 T–x–y and x–y diagrams for carbon solvent extraction process. 598
disulfide–water system at 101.3 kPa pressure. 564 17.52 Settling chambers of different designs. 600
17.29 T–x–y and x–y diagrams for acetone– 17.53 Combination of mixer–settler unit. 600
chloroform system at 101.3 kPa pressure. 565 17.54 (a) Two-compartment mixing system and
17.30 T–x–y and x–y diagrams for water–1-butanol (b) drop in weir box system. 601
system at 101.3 kPa. Note: The diagrams 17.55 Pulse column. 603
are based on NRTL equation. 565 17.56 Karr extraction column. 603
17.31 Pressure swing distillation for a minimum 17.57 Scheibel column. 604
boiling binary azeotrope that is sensitive to 17.58 Rotating disk column. 604
changes to pressure. 566 17.59 Batch solid–liquid extractor. 609
17.32 A common heteroazeotropic distillation 17.60 Batch solid–liquid extractor (horizontal). 609
scheme with distillate decanter. 566 17.61 Thickener type countercurrent leaching
17.33 Two-column system for extractive distillation. 568 equipment. 609
17.34 Extractive distillation process for separation 17.62 Hildebrand extractor. 610
of C 4 hydrocarbons. 569 17.63 Bollman extractor. 610
17.35 Centrifugal type molecular distillation still. 574 17.64 Rotocell extractor. 610
17.36 Details of a divided wall column (Montz). 575 17.65 Pachuca tank. 611
17.37 Different arrangements for separation of a 17.66 Percolator type extractor for extraction of oils
three-component mixture. 576 from oil seeds. 611
17.38 Remixing in the conventional direct 17.67 Diffuser for leaching process. 611
distillation sequence. 576
17.39 Feed preheater duty versus bottoms 18.1 Depiction of supersaturation, metastable,
composition. 583 and unsaturation zones in a crystallization
17.40 Level control for reflux drum. 584 process. 615