Page 15 - Fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and mass transfer

xviii LIST OF FIGURES

4.6 Pressure tap location alternatives. 63 5.5 Open, semiopen, and enclosed impellers. 105
4.7 Flow straighteners. 63 5.6 Double suction to a centrifugal pump. 105
4.8 Different types of orifice plates. 64 5.7 Suction head and suction lift for a centrifugal
4.9 Orifices for viscous flows. 65 pump. 106
4.10 Venturi meter. 67 5.8 Bubble formation, collapse, and metal damage.
4.11 Effect of Reynolds numbers on different flow (Source: www.cheresources.com.) 113
meters. 67 5.9 Potential cavitation damage areas in the
4.12 Flow nozzle. 68 eye of pump impeller. 113
4.13 Pressure losses for different head flow meters 5.10 Typical blade damage due to cavitation
as function of b-ratio. 69 of a mixed flow pump. 115
4.14 Elbow flow meter. 70 5.11 Heat exchanger tube damage at the entrance
4.15 Segmental-wedge V-element flow meter. 71 area into the tube due to cavitation. 116
4.16 V-cone flow meter. 71 5.12 Illustrative diagram for cavitation conditions. 117
4.17 Pitot tube arrangements for flow measurement. 72 5.13 Pump suction side problems. 118
4.18 Annubar. 73 5.14 Pump suction through a sump. 119
4.19 Rotameter showing different types of 5.15 Pump performance curve and system curve
float designs. 74 illustrated. 121
4.20 Purge flow meter design. 76 5.16 Pump performance curves. 121
4.21 Rotameter installed in a bypass line 5.17 Effect of impeller size on capacity versus head
around an orifice plate in the main line. 77 developed for a centrifugal pump. 122
4.22 Paddle wheel flow meter. 80 5.18 Two pumps draining liquid from a tank. 123
4.23 Propeller flow meter. 81 5.19 Performance curves for centrifugal pumps
4.24 Transit time flow meter. 81 operating in parallel. (Courtesy: GPSA
4.25 Doppler flow meter. 82 Engineering Data Book, 12th ed.) 124
4.26 Elements of an electromagnetic flow meter. 84 5.20 Performance curves for centrifugal pumps
4.27 Magnetic flow meter and its components. 84 operating in series. (Courtesy: GPSA
4.28 Single straight tube Coriolis mass flow meter. 86 Engineering Data Book, 12th ed.) 124
4.29 Single U-tube Coriolis mass flow meter. 86 5.21 Minimum flow bypass. 124
4.30 Double U-tube Coriolis mass flow meter designs. 87 5.22 Valve action for a double-acting reciprocating
4.31 Nutating disk positive displacement flow meter. 89 piston pump. 128
4.32 Rotating vane positive displacement flow meter. 90 5.23 Discharge curves for different reciprocating
4.33 Oscillating piston positive displacement flow flow configurations. 128
meter. 91 5.24 Sliding vane rotary pump. 130
4.34 Single piston reciprocating positive displacement 5.25 Gear pumps. 131
flow meter. 91 5.26 Rotary screw pump. 133
4.35 Piston and diaphragm positive displacement 5.27 Rotary lobe pumps. 135
metering pumps. 92 5.28 Air-operated double diaphragm pump. 136
4.36 Oval gear lobe flow meter. 93 5.29 Airlift pump. 139
4.37 Target meter. 94 5.30 Peristaltic pump. 140
4.38 Major components in a vortex shedding 5.31 Liquid ring vacuum pump. 142
flow meter. 94 5.32 Rotary claw pump. 144
4.39 Vortex shedding flow meters. 5.33 Steam jet ejector. 148
Note: Different shapes of shedders are used 5.34 Two-stage ejector system. 148
in the designs for getting the desired flow 5.35 Condensate drain leg layouts. 149
rate measurements. 95 5.36 Types of fans. 154
4.40 Rectangular and triangular types of weirs. 99 5.37 Types of compressors. (Courtesy: GPSA
Engineering Data Book, 12th ed.) 155
5.1 Pump classification. 102 5.38 Centrifugal compressor operating
5.2 Classification of kinetic pumps. curve. 159
(Source: Hydraulic Institute.) 102 5.39 Illustration of operable range for the
5.3 Classification of positive displacement pumps. compressor with surge-free conditions. 160
(Source: Hydraulic Institute.) 103
5.4 Centrifugal pump showing important 6.1 Power number as a function of Reynolds
parameters. (Source: www.cheresources.com.) 104 number for different turbine impellers. 166