Page 19 - Fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and mass transfer

xxii LIST OF FIGURES

Mass Transfer 16.26 Trough and weir type distributor. (Courtesy:
Kotch-Glitsch, LP.) 504
15.1 One-dimensional diffusion. 459
16.27 Orifice plate liquid distributor. 505
15.2 Concentration driving force. 460
16.28 Perforated tube type distributor. 505
15.3 Laminar hydrodynamic and concentration
16.29 Spray nozzle type liquid distributor.
boundary layers for a flat plate. 464
(Courtesy: Copyright Ó Sulzer Chemtech Ltd.) 506
15.4 Simplified diagram illustrating two-film theory. 465
16.30 Multipan liquid distributor. 506
15.5 Schematic representation of the situation at
16.31 Wall wiper liquid redistributor. (Source:
the interface. 466
Norton.) 508
15.6 Rising gas bubble in liquid. 466
16.32 Generalized pressure drop and flooding
15.7 Gas–liquid contacting. 466
correlation for packed columns. 511
15.8 Shapes of bubbles. 471
16.33 Practices of location of bottom feed or reboiler
15.9 Bubble collapse and droplet formation
return lines. 515
phenomena. 472
16.34 Forces acting on a liquid droplet suspended
in a gas stream. 516
16.1 Schematic diagram for a spray column. 476 16.35 Typical droplet size distribution from
16.2 Details of Venturi scrubbers. 476 entrainment. 516
16.3 Typical bubble cap design. 477 16.36 Important dimensions of vertical and
16.4 Types of valves used on valve trays. 478 horizontal knockout drums. 518
16.5 Sieve tray indicating different parameters. 478 16.37 Typical gas/vapor–liquid separators.
16.6 Types of flows on distillation trays. 480 (Courtesy: Pace Engineering.) 519
16.7 Picket weir. 481 16.38 Typical gas/vapor–liquid separators.
16.8 Generalized performance diagram for (Courtesy: Pace Engineering.) 520
cross-flow trays. 482 16.39 Vapor–liquid separator for different cases. 520
16.9 Tray performance versus throughput. 482 16.40 Cross section of vane element mist extractor
16.10 O’Connell correlation for the estimation showing corrugated plates with liquid drainage
of overall column efficiency. 483 traps. 521
16.11 Murphree tray efficiencies illustrated. 484 16.41 Gas–Liquid separators. (Courtesy: Copyright
16.12 Weir height. 489 Ó Sulzer Chemtech Ltd.) 522
16.13 Downcomer and active areas illustrated. 492 16.42 Coalescer plate pack orientations. 524
16.14 Flooding correlation for cross-flow trays 16.43 Typical coalescer designs. 524
(sieve, valve, and bubble cap trays). 492 16.44 Three-phase horizontal coalescer. 524
16.15 Packed column. 493
16.16 Angle of wettability. 495 17.1 Absorption equilibrium diagrams for
16.17 Some common types of random packings. SO 2 –water system at different temperatures. 534
(Courtesy: Koch Knight LLC for permission 17.2 Equilibrium curve and operating line
to use FLEXISADDLEÔ.) 497 for absorption systems without heat effects. 536
16.18 Different structured packings (Mellapak). 17.3 Equilibrium curve and operating line for
(Courtesy: Copyright Ó Sulzer Chemtech absorption with heat effects. 536
Ltd.) 499 17.4 Limiting operating line for systems involving
16.19 Structured packing assembled to fit into a heat effects. 536
given column diameter. (Courtesy: 17.5 Graphical determination of number of trays
Copyright Ó Sulzer Chemtech Ltd.) 500 for absorbers. 536
16.20 Honeycomb packings. 500 17.6 Tray column design for strippers. 537
16.21 Ceramic structured packing. (Courtesy: 17.7 Colburn diagram for estimation of N OG . 540
Koch Knight LLC for permission to use 17.8 T–x–y diagram for benzene–toluene system
Ò
FLEXERAMIC TYPE 28 Packing.) 500 at 1 atm. 548
16.22 Typical arrangement of horizontal expanded 17.9 Equilibrium diagram for benzene–toluene
metal sheets with opposing angles. 500 system at 1 atm. 548
16.23 Stacked packing to support dumped packing. 503 17.10 Effect of relative volatility on x–y diagrams. 548
16.24 Vapor injection support plate. (Source: Saint 17.11 Relative positions of EFV, ASTM, and TBP
Gobain Norpro.) 503 curves on a plot of percent distilled versus
16.25 Schematic of vapor injection grid. 503 temperature. 550